Earth Science Test 3

Front 1

father of modern geology, went to University of Enburg

Back 1

James Hutton

Front 2

the present is the key to the past

Back 2

Uniformitarianism

Front 3

make up the continents

Back 3

Felsic

Front 4

make up the ocean floor (black magma in Hawaii)

Back 4

Mafic

Front 5

granite, felsic composition

Back 5

intrusive

Front 6

rhyolite, felsic composition, same as granite but had rapid cool

Back 6

extrusive

Front 7

result from weathering

Back 7

Sedimentary Rock

Front 8

cooling and solidification of magma, silicates.

Back 8

igneous rock

Front 9

particles glued together

Back 9

clastic

Front 10

composed of rounded or angular sand particles. Water can flow through it.

Back 10

Sandstone

Front 11

Chemically formed rocks

Back 11

limestone and coquina

Front 12

usually organic, shell fragments, calcareous sand, and limey mud. the most abundant chemical precipitate

Back 12

Limestone

Front 13

organic form of limestone, visible shell fragments

Back 13

Coquina

Front 14

arrowheads made of by Indians

Back 14

Chirt

Front 15

always begins as a parent rock that is exposed to heat, pressure, etc. and then changes

Back 15

Metamorphic Rock

Front 16

granite, shale, and slate

Back 16

Foliated texture

Front 17

sedimentary rocks with bedding planes, then stress is applied and original bedding planes disappear and are replaced with cleavage planes

Back 17

Slate

Front 18

weathers 1 inch/ 10,000 years

Back 18

Granite

Front 19

5 Horizons

Back 19

- O: Topsoil
- A: Zone of leaching (most leached texture in humid climates)
- B: Zone of accumulation. Contains soluble like calcite in drier climates.
- C: Coarsely broken up bedrock re-growth- scientific name.
- D: Bedrock

Front 20

5 Factors in soil formation

Back 20

- Parent matieral: controls mineral content and texture.
- Time
- Climate
- Soil horizons
- Topography: steepness of the landscape, effects erosion.
- Biota: Biologic activity

Front 21

Thin or absent hummus, thick masses of insouluble iron and aluminum oxides: occasional quartz, iron-rich clays, aluminum oxides, occasional quartz, thin leached zone, maffic igneous bedrock.

Back 21

Wet climate

Front 22

3 broad regimes

Back 22

Moist climate
Dry Climate
Wet climate

Front 23

Humus and leached soil calcium carbonate and pellets and nodules precipitated (sandstone, shale, and limestone bedrock)

Back 23

Dry Climate

Front 24

Humus and leached soil (quartz and clay minerals present)

Back 24

Moist climate

Front 25

continents moving across the face of the earth. Proposed by Alfred Wegener

Back 25

Continental Drift

Front 26

means “ all lands” propsed by Alfred Wegener

Back 26

Pangea

Front 27

A strike-slip fault that connects offsets in a mid-ocean ridge : San Andreas fault

Back 27

Transfrom fault

Front 28

Convergent fault

Back 28

Peru Chile Trench

Front 29

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Back 29

Divergent Fault:

Front 30

- Compression:
- Tensional:
- Shearing:

Back 30

- Stresses:

Front 31

squeezed

Back 31

Compression

Front 32

Stretched

Back 32

Tensional

Front 33

side by side

Back 33

Shearing

Front 34

Fracture
Elasticity
Plasticity

Back 34

Strain

Front 35

physical response to stress

Back 35

Strain

Front 36

bends and reforms, permanent deformation. Appalachian Mountains

Back 36

Plasticity

Front 37

crust is brittle in areas- cracks and breaks. What fault lines are.

Back 37

Fracture

Front 38

bends and reforms, stores energy over 100 yrs. San Andreas Fault

Back 38

Elasticity

Front 39

Folds

Back 39

monocline
Syncline
Anticline

Front 40

bends on one side of the central axis line. Asymmetrical.

Back 40

monocline

Front 41

trough- like structures
- toward the central axis line

Back 41

Syncline

Front 42

crest ridge-like structures
- away from central axis line

Back 42

Anticline

Front 43

a dip-slip fault where the hanging wall block drops down relative to the footwall block.

Back 43

Normal

Front 44

Classified on the direction of displacement. San Andreas Fault is a right lateral strike slip fault.

Back 44

Strike slip

Front 45

a dip-slip fault where the hanging wall moves up.

Back 45

Reverse

Front 46

Faults

Back 46

Normal
Reverse
Strike slip

Front 47

the actual point from where the earthquake moves

Back 47

Focus

Front 48

point on map directly above the focus of an earthquake.

Back 48

Epicenter

Front 49

The shock wave sent through the planet by an earthquake.

Back 49

Seismic waves

Front 50

The shock wave sent through the planet by an earthquake.
Move through the Earth’s interior.

Back 50

Body wave

Front 51

move only along the surface, the L wave.

Back 51

Surface waves

Front 52

Compression waves- compress and expand, 3-7 km/sec First to arrive.

Back 52

Primary waves

Front 53

cause rock to vibrate perpendicular. Slow, second to arrive -s wave

Back 53

Secondary wave

Front 54

Seismic waves

Back 54

- Body wave
- Secondary wave
- Primary waves
- Surface waves

Front 55

records seismic information

Back 55

Seismometer

Front 56

recording printing device which records the degree of shaking ( seismic wave intensity)

Back 56

Seismograph

Front 57

actual printout of the earthquake

Back 57

Seismogram

Front 58

developed by Richter. Using 3 sets of data to determine the Epicenter of a particular Earthquake.

Back 58

Triangulation

Front 59

Based on intensity, and ranked from I-XII of destruction of buildings

Back 59

- Mercalli scale:

Front 60

Based on earthquake magnitude. Scale is from 0 to 9.3, which is the highest it’s gone so far. Richter developed a way to clock time travel curves: used them to determine the epicenter.

Back 60

- Richter scale:

Front 61

actual printout of the earthquake.

Back 61

Seismogram

Front 62

developed by Richter. Using 3 sets of data to determine the Epicenter of a particular Earthquake.

Back 62

Triangulation

Front 63

Based on intensity, and ranked from I-XII of destruction of buildings

Back 63

Mercalli scale

Front 64

Based on earthquake magnitude. Scale is from 0 to 9.3, which is the highest it’s gone so far. Richter developed a way to clock time travel curves: used them to determine the epicenter.

Back 64

Richter scale

Front 65

6-7 10 times more energy released, 8-9 100 times more energy released….

Back 65

Logarithmic scale

Front 66

harbor wave, must have an ocean floor earthquake that breaks through the ocean floor.

Back 66

Tsunami

Front 67

A full or emptied magma reservoir in the shallow portion of the lithosphere

Back 67

magma chamber

Front 68

A tunnel below the surface of a solidified lava flow, formed when the exterior portions of the flow solidify and the molten internal material is drained away.

Back 68

lava tube

Front 69

another name for a volcano.

Back 69

cone

Front 70

A circular surface depression formed by volcanism; built by accumulation, collapse, or explosion.

Back 70

crater

Front 71

A large, bowl-shaped crater associated with a volcanic vent

Back 71

Caldera

Front 72

a symmetrical mountain landform built from effusive eruptions; gently sloped, gradually rising from the surrounding landscape to a summit crater; the Mauna Loa is the largest one in the world.

Back 72

Shield

Front 73

a volcanic landform of pyrolastics and scoria, usually small and cone-shaped and generally not more than 450m in height, with a trunctuated top. Paricutin is an example

Back 73

Cinder

Front 74

A cone-shaped volcanic mountain composed of alternating layers of cinders and lava flows. Also known as a stratovolcano. Mt. St. Helens is an example.

Back 74

Composite

Front 75

a general term from any intrusive igneous rock body, regardless of size and shape, that invaded layers of crustal rocks.

Back 75

Plutons

Front 76

form parallel to the layers of sedimentary rock.

Back 76

sill

Front 77

cross layers of the rock they invade

Back 77

Dike

Front 78

always horizontal, squeeze between layers of rock and solidify.

Back 78

concordant

Front 79

vertical, cut between layers.

Back 79

Disocordant

Front 80

4 Drainage patterns

Back 80

Trellis
Dendritic
Radial
Rectuangular

Front 81

most common, branched like a tree

Back 81

Dendritic

Front 82

spins out from center like spokes on a bike

Back 82

Radial

Front 83

only in faulted terrain

Back 83

Rectuangular

Front 84

only in folded terrain, Earth’s crust is folded by plate collision.

Back 84

Trellis

Front 85

4 ways of Soil erosion

Back 85

Gullies
Rills
Sheet
Splash

Front 86

narrow v-shaped channels, indicates more topsoil has been lost than can naturally be replaced.

Back 86

Gullies

Front 87

miniature channels

Back 87

Rills

Front 88

strips away the layer of topsoil.

Back 88

Sheet

Front 89

loosens up the topsoil. Then water begins to accumulate on the surface

Back 89

Splash

Front 90

erosion rate is greater than your erosion rate tolerance factor. More than 5 tons/acre/year is considered accelerated.

Back 90

Accelerated soil erosion

Front 91

have no topsoil: deeply gullied landscape

Back 91

Badlands

Front 92

developed after the dust bowl, teaches how to slow soil erosion.

Back 92

Colluvium soil conservation

Front 93

slows runoff, and protects soil

Back 93

contour plowing

Front 94

a leveled section of a hilly cultivated area, designed as a method of soil conservation to slow or prevent the rapid surface runoff of irrigation water.

Back 94

Terracing

Front 95

water acts as a cutting agent. Ex. of a channel erosional process

Back 95

Hydraulic force

Front 96

grinding activity- sediments turn water into liquid sandpaper.

Back 96

Channel abrasion

Front 97

Largest scale erosional force within a stream. Channel forms a cut bank.

Back 97

bank caving

Front 98

is caused by CaCO5 calcium carbonate

Back 98

Corrosion

Front 99

form underneath whirlpools and Eddies, carved round holes in bedrock.

Back 99

potholes

Front 100

sand, silt, and clay that discolors the water.

Back 100

suspended load

Front 101

heavy stuff (bolders) that bounces and rolls along the bed of the stream.

Back 101

bed load

Front 102

has minerals in saturation.

Back 102

Dissolved load

Front 103

Fast, heavy surface agitation

Back 103

Turbulant flow

Front 104

streamline flow, slower, lower surface agitation.

Back 104

Laminar flow

Front 105

primary control factor in stream velocity. Steeper=faster

Back 105

gradient

Front 106

size and shape and roughness of channel. A semicircular channel is the ideal shape for moving water.

Back 106

Channel profile

Front 107

volume of water passing through channel. Cu ft./sec.

Back 107

Discharge

Front 108

miniature channels

Back 108

Rills