Earth Science For Teachers Final

Front 1

Define: weathering

Back 1

the disintegration and decomposition of rock at or near earths surface

Front 2

Define erosion

Back 2

the incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent such as water, wind or ice. the gradual discintegration of something by, wind, water and or other natural elements

Front 3

Define chemical weathering

Back 3

the process by which the internal structure of a mineral is altered by the removal and/or addition of elements

Front 4

Define mechanical weathering

Back 4

the physical disintegration of rock resulting in smaller fragments

Front 5

Define ice wedging

Back 5

A type of mechanical weathering in which rocks are broken by the expansion of water as it freezes in joints, pores, or bedding planes. Synonymous with frost wedging. A large piece of floating ice that has broken off of a glacier.

Front 6

Define exfoliation

Back 6

joints or sheet joints are surface-parallel fracture systems in rock often leading to erosion of concentric slabs.

Front 7

Define hydration

Back 7

The addition of water to a chemical molecule without hydrolysis

Front 8

Define oxidation

Back 8

The combination of a substance with oxygen

Front 9

Define carbonation

Back 9

reaction with carbon dioxide to remove lime

Front 10

Define leach

Back 10

the depletion of soluble materials from the upper soil by downward-percolating water

Front 11

Define soil

Back 11

a combination of mineral and organic matter, water, and air that portion of the regolith that supports plant growth.

Front 12

Define topsoil

Back 12

the fertile, upper part of the soil

Front 13

Define subsoil

Back 13

the layer of soil under the topsoil on the surface of the ground. Like topsoil it is composed of a variable mixture of small particles such as sand.

Front 14

Define organics

Back 14

of, relating to, or obtained from living things

Front 15

Define soil profile

Back 15

a vertical section through a soil showing its succession of horizons and the underlying parent material.

Front 16

Define transported

Back 16

soils that form on unconoslidated deposits

Front 17

Define residual moraine

Back 17

an end moraine formed as the ice front stagnated during glacial retreat

Front 18

Define stagnat in ragards to glaciers

Back 18

A glacier which has ceased to move

Front 19

Define mass movement

Back 19

the movement of surface material caused by gravity. Landslides and rockfalls are examples of very sudden movements of this type.

Front 20

Define land slide

Back 20

he sliding down of a mass of earth or rock from a mountain or cliff.

Front 21

Define talus

Back 21

an accumulation of rock debris at the base of a cliff

Front 22

Define slump

Back 22

the downward slipping of a mass of rock or unconsolidated material moving as a unit along a curved surface

Front 23

Define creep

Back 23

the slow downhill movement of soil and regolith

Front 24

Define mudflow

Back 24

a fluid or hardened stream or avalanche of mud.

Front 25

Define avalanche

Back 25

a mass of snow, ice, and rocks falling rapidly down a mountainside

Front 26

Define glacier

Back 26

a thick mass of ice originating on land from the compaction and recrystallization of snow that shows evidence of past or present flow

Front 27

Define erratic drift

Back 27

an ice transported boulder that was not derived from bedrock near its present site.

Front 28

Define firn

Back 28

a collection of snow which has compacted and crystilized

Front 29

Define snowline

Back 29

the level of permanent snow even in the summertime.

Front 30

Define calving

Back 30

when an ice burgh breaks off a glacier when it reaches the ocean

Front 31

Define ice berg

Back 31

a large floating mass of ice detached from a glacier or ice sheet and carried out to sea.

Front 32

Define crevasse

Back 32

a deep crack in the brittle surface of a glacier

Front 33

Define alpine/valley glacier

Back 33

a glacier confined to a mountian valley which in most instances had previously been a stream valley

Front 34

Define lateral moraine

Back 34

forms on the sides of claciers. glacier plucks rocks from valley walls

Front 35

medial moraine

Back 35

forms when 2 tribuatary glaciers meet and combine at leteral moraines

Front 36

termanal moraine

Back 36

forms at the snout of the glacier

Front 37

recessional moraine

Back 37

forms at a retreat point of the glacier

Front 38

where is the retreat point (recessional moraine) of a glacier located

Back 38

at the farthest fowared point of a glacier

Front 39

where is the snout located

Back 39

in the rear of a glacier

Front 40

Define horn

Back 40

sharp peak where 3 cirques meet

Front 41

Define cirque

Back 41

semi-circular basin plucked bu the glacier in the snowfield

Front 42

Define arete

Back 42

knife-edged ridge where 2 cirques meet

Front 43

Define tarn

Back 43

cirque lake

Front 44

Define waterfall

Back 44

stream going over a gliff

Front 45

Define hanging trough

Back 45

tributary glacial valley

Front 46

Define u shape valley

Back 46

characteristic shape re-carving previous vshaped stream valleys

Front 47

where is the largest continental/icesheet glacier found and how is it formed

Back 47

largest is found in antartica, formed in the center and spreads outward.

Front 48

Define continental/ice sheet glacier

Back 48

continuous masses of ice that are much larger than alpine glaciers. can spread/extend over water

Front 49

list the great lakes from largest to smallest (Super Man Helps Every One)

Back 49

Superior, Michigan, Huron, Eri, Ontario

Front 50

Define driftless and where is it located

Back 50

in wisconson, its an area untouched by advance of glaciers. there are younger rocks than surroundings

Front 51

Define unstratified/till

Back 51

NOT sorted by running water.

Front 52

where is unstratified/till located on a glacier

Back 52

underneath

Front 53

Define stratified/outwash

Back 53

sorted by running water

Front 54

where is stratified/outwash found on a glacier

Back 54

in front of a glacier

Front 55

Define ground moraine

Back 55

deposits under the glacier

Front 56

Define drumlin

Back 56

ground moraine that is swept up by advancing glacier into long canoe-shaped hills of till

Front 57

Define kame (the stream kame down and deposited in the delta)

Back 57

old delta deposit

Front 58

Define esker

Back 58

an S curved old stream deposit

Front 59

Define kettle lakes

Back 59

carved by melting ice blocks grinding into the bedrock

Front 60

Define stream valley

Back 60

the channel valley floor and sloping valley walls of a stream

Front 61

Define stream

Back 61

a small narrow river

Front 62

Define paint pot/mud volcano

Back 62

a sort of acidic hot spring, or fumarole, with limited water

Front 63

where can you find a paint pot/mud volcano

Back 63

yellowstone

Front 64

Define hot spring

Back 64

a spring of naturally hot water, typically heated by subterranean volcanic activity.

Front 65

Define geyser

Back 65

a fountian of hot water ejected periodically

Front 66

Define geyserite

Back 66

a hard opaline siliceous deposit occurring around geysers and hot springs

Front 67

Define fumarole

Back 67

a vent in a volcanic area from which fumes or gases escape

Front 68

Define abrasion

Back 68

the process of scraping or wearing away.

Front 69

Define solution

Back 69

a liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (the solvent).

Front 70

Define suspension

Back 70

the system of springs and shock absorbers by which a vehicle is cushioned from road conditions.

Front 71

Define saltation

Back 71

transportion of sediment through a series of leaps or bounces

Front 72

Define bed load

Back 72

sediment that is carried by a stream along the bottom of its channel

Front 73

Define carrying power

Back 73

to move (something) while holding and supporting it. : to contain and direct the flow of (water, electricity, etc.)

Front 74

Define undermining

Back 74

erode the base or foundation of (a rock formation

Front 75

Define gradient

Back 75

the slope of a stream generally measured in feet per mile

Front 76

Define channel

Back 76

A river channel is a deep navigable part of a river and it has a bed and a bank.

Front 77

Define discharge

Back 77

the quantity of water in a stream that passes a given point in a period of time

Front 78

Define flood

Back 78

an overflowing of a large amount of water beyond its normal confines, especially over what is normally dry land

Front 79

Define flood plain

Back 79

the flat low lying portion of a stream valley subject to periodic inundation

Front 80

Define levee

Back 80

an embankment built to prevent the overflow of a river. a ridge of sediment deposited naturally alongside a river by overflowing water

Front 81

Define river system

Back 81

is defined as a group of rivers discharging water by way of a common flow or system of channels into a sea or lake.

Front 82

Define divide

Back 82

an imaginary line that separates the drainage of two streams often found along a ridge

Front 83

Define drainage basin/watershed

Back 83

land whoes rainfall flows into the stream

Front 84

Define dendritic

Back 84

a river system pattern looks like veins in a leaf or like tree branches

Front 85

Define trellis

Back 85

a river system pattern that looks like a rose trellis where streams meet at right angles

Front 86

Define radial

Back 86

river system patterns that look like spokes in a wheel. the streams form at a central high point or central low point (sink hole)

Front 87

Define parallel

Back 87

river system pattern streams running side by side

Front 88

Define straight stream

Back 88

a young higher elevated fast v shaped valley cutting down. (example often found in canyons)

Front 89

Define canyon

Back 89

a stream valley with steep vertical sides due to the bedrock being very strong

Front 90

Define meander

Back 90

middle age stream at lower elevation flows slower in a wide valley, side cutting.

Front 91

Define oxbow cut off

Back 91

where a stream breaks through its own channel/meander

Front 92

Define oxbow lake

Back 92

completely separate and abandoned oxbow

Front 93

Define entrenched meander

Back 93

the land is uplifted so stream can cut down again but keeps its old loopy embedded pattern

Front 94

Define alluvial fan

Back 94

a cone shaped deposit at the base of a cliff

Front 95

Define delta fan (Delta letter)

Back 95

a fan tirangle shaped deposit at the mouth of a stream in a QUIET body of water (delta letter)

Front 96

Define distributaries

Back 96

so many deposits at the mouth that a stream meanders over its own deposits

Front 97

Define braided

Back 97

so many deposits in the channel that a stream flows over its own deposits

Front 98

Define uplift/rejuvenation

Back 98

A river is said to be rejuvenated when the base level that it is flowing down to is lowered.

Front 99

Define phreatic

Back 99

relating to or denoting underground water in the zone of saturation. of a volcanic eruption) caused by the heating and expansion of groundwater

Front 100

Define hydrologic/water cycle

Back 100

the natural sequence through which water passes into the atmosphere as water vapor, precipitates to earth in liquid or solid form, and ultimately returns to the atmosphere through evaporation.

Front 101

Define porisity

Back 101

the volume of open spaces in rock or soil

Front 102

Define permeability

Back 102

a measure of a materials ability to transmit water

Front 103

Define zone of aeration

Back 103

Upper soil layers that hold both air and water.

Front 104

Define zone of saturation

Back 104

the area in an aquifer, below the water table, in which relatively all pores and fractures are saturated with water. The phreatic zone defines the lower edge of the vadose zone.

Front 105

Define artesian formation

Back 105

An aquifer is a geologic layer of porous and permeable material such as sand and gravel, limestone, or sandstone, through which water flows and is stored. An artesian aquifer is confined between impermeable rocks or clay which causes this positive pressure.

Front 106

Define artesian spring/fissure spring

Back 106

a man-made spring from which water flows under natural pressure without pumping.

Front 107

Define water table

Back 107

the upper level of the saturated zone of groundwater

Front 108

Define aquifier

Back 108

rock or soil through which groundwater moves easily

Front 109

Define karst topography

Back 109

a topography consisting of numerous depressions called sinkholes

Front 110

Define cavern

Back 110

a naturally formed underground chamber or series of chambers most commonly produced by solution activity in limestone

Front 111

Define sink

Back 111

go down below the surface of something, especially of a liquid; become submerged.

Front 112

Define stalactite

Back 112

the icicle-like structure that hangs from the ceiling of a cavern

Front 113

Define stalagmite

Back 113

the column like form that grows upward from the floor of a cavern

Front 114

Define column

Back 114

a feature found in caves that is formed when a stalactite and stalagmite join

Front 115

Define speleothems

Back 115

a structure formed in a cave by the deposition of minerals from water, e.g., a stalactite or stalagmite.

Front 116

Define dust storm

Back 116

a strong, turbulent wind that carries clouds of fine dust, soil, and sand over a large area.

Front 117

Define natural bridge

Back 117

a natural rock formation where a rock arch forms, with an opening underneath.

Front 118

Define sand storm

Back 118

a strong wind carrying clouds of sand with it, especially in a desert.

Front 119

Define arid

Back 119

one of the two types of dry climate, the driest of the dry climates

Front 120

Define semi-arid

Back 120

climatic regions that receive precipitation below potential evapotranspiration, but not extremely.

Front 121

Define drought

Back 121

prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall; a shortage of water resulting from this.

Front 122

Define desertification

Back 122

the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.

Front 123

Define ventifact

Back 123

a wind-abraded rock with flat angular sides called facet

Front 124

Define facet

Back 124

flat angular sides

Front 125

Define deflation

Back 125

the removal of sand, silt, and clay by the wind causing blowout

Front 126

Define deflation blowout

Back 126

a hollow blown out by the wind in a dessert

Front 127

Define Blowout

Back 127

hollow blown out by the wind in a plain

Front 128

Define oasis

Back 128

a fertile spot in a desert where water is found

Front 129

Define loess

Back 129

yellow silt-sized particles ground by glacers carried by streams and deposited by the wind in high cliff sized piles so tall that people can dig homes into the cliffs

Front 130

Define sand dune

Back 130

a pile of sand deposited by the wind

Front 131

Define windward

Back 131

the side of a hill that is hit by the wind

Front 132

Define leeward

Back 132

the side of a hill that is not hit by the wind

Front 133

Define barchan/cresent

Back 133

the shape of a dune

Front 134

Define parabolic

Back 134

the shapre of a dune arms around blowout

Front 135

Define longitudinal

Back 135

shape of a dune formed along with the way the wind blows

Front 136

Define transverse

Back 136

shape of a dune are at a right angle to the wind

Front 137

Define migration

Back 137

dunes that migrate toward the leeward side

Front 138

Define mesa

Back 138

a flat plateau

Front 139

Define butte

Back 139

A narrow part of a mesa

Front 140

Define wave

Back 140

the rhythimic rise and fall of the ocean's waters.

Front 141

Define wind

Back 141

air movement

Front 142

Define the parts of a wave

Back 142

crest, troph, wave length, amplitude, frequency

Front 143

Define fetch

Back 143

the amount of open water

Front 144

Define whitecaps

Back 144

crests of a wave torn by the wind

Front 145

Define swells

Back 145

caused by storms far out at sea

Front 146

Define breakers

Back 146

They are formed as the wave approaches the shore, the trough drags and the crest breaks over causing the foamy surf to wash up

Front 147

Define tsunami

Back 147

a huge wave caused by an earthquake

Front 148

Define tide

Back 148

controlled by the moon

Front 149

Define undertow current

Back 149

a stronger backwash under the water

Front 150

Define Rip current

Back 150

a strong surface current going out to sea

Front 151

Define current

Back 151

rivers or paths in the ocean (water)

Front 152

Define longshore current

Back 152

a current parallel to the shore formed by the swash/backwash motion

Front 153

Define salinity

Back 153

is the ration of salt to seawater

Front 154

Define mixed layer

Back 154

heat distributed by winds and waves

Front 155

Define thermocline

Back 155

rapid decline in temperature to the deep

Front 156

Define deep polar creep

Back 156

current sinks from the poles and travels for THPOUSANDS of years before they surface on the western sides of the oceans upwelling nutrition for an algae bloom.

Front 157

Define headland

Back 157

part of the shore that sticks out into the ocean

Front 158

Define beach

Back 158

sand or pebble deposit on the shore

Front 159

Define cliff

Back 159

the high elevation portion that the ocean waves constantly hit against

Front 160

Define cave

Back 160

the undermined part of the cliff

Front 161

Define arch

Back 161

a part of the cave roof has collapsed leaving a separate portion

Front 162

Define stack

Back 162

a remnant of the old eroded shoreline, completely separate from the new shore

Front 163

Define spit

Back 163

sand bar attached to a headlong

Front 164

Define hook

Back 164

a sand bar curved by the wind

Front 165

Define baymouth bar

Back 165

a sand bar that reaches all the way across the mouth of the bay

Front 166

Define offshore bar

Back 166

a sandbar that is parallel to the shore deposited by breakers

Front 167

Define lagoon

Back 167

a stretch of salt water separated from the sea by a low sandbank or coral reef.

Front 168

Define marsh

Back 168

an area of low-lying land that is flooded in wet seasons or at high tide, and typically remains waterlogged at all times.

Front 169

Define crest

Back 169

the top of something, especially a mountain or hill

Front 170

Define Trough

Back 170

the lowest point of a wave

Front 171

Define wavelength

Back 171

the horizontal distance separating successive crests or troughs

Front 172

Define depth

Back 172

the distance from the top or surface of something to its bottom