Earth Science Final

Front 1

what is considered to be the cornerstone of science?

Back 1

peer-review

Front 2

horoscope percent with 13 signs?

Back 2

7.7%

Front 3

scientific method?

Back 3

a continuous process by which people learn about the physical universe and share their knowledge with others

Front 4

when Dimitri Mendeleev made the periodic table what was true?

Back 4

there were a little more than 60 known chemical elements
chemists used the concept of atomic mass
chemists knew that each element had distinct chemical behaviors
there were one or two new discoveries of chemical elements each year

Front 5

why do scientists reject astrology?

Back 5

there is no evidence that stars can predict future

Front 6

what do sicentists do when they are finished with research and want to communicate there results?

Back 6

write a concise paper and subit it to a scientific journal and have it reviewed by peers

Front 7

Ockham's razor is a?

Back 7

philosophy advocating the simplest solutions

Front 8

Ptolemaic theory of the universe has what?

Back 8

an unmoving earth at the center

Front 9

Johannes Kepler used what to understand eliptical orbits of planets?

Back 9

mathematics

Front 10

Copernicus?

Back 10

he hypothesized that planetary orbits were circular
he thought that ptoloemys ideas about the shape or orbits were correct
he provided the first serious alternative to ptoloemys system
his model of the universe placed the sun at the center

Front 11

what is the same for all electromagnetic waves?

Back 11

speed

Front 12

whats the difference between microwave radiation and infarred radiation?

Back 12

infarred has shorter wavelengths

Front 13

The magna carta does what?

Back 13

basis of democracy
presents standard of measure

Front 14

Federal agencies that sponsor research?

Back 14

National science foundation
national institues of health
department of defense
department of energy

Front 15

What did Galileo create? What language did he write in?

Back 15

telescope
latin

Front 16

What does the Hertzsprung-Russel diagram do?

Back 16

used in astronomy to compare the energy output versus surface temperature of a star

Front 17

Nebulae?

Back 17

only galaxy place where planetary systems can exist

Front 18

Where were the heaviest chemical elements on earth created?

Back 18

supernovae

Front 19

During what was the iron in your blood made?

Back 19

the nucleur burning of a very large star

Front 20

How far is the sun from the milky way?

Back 20

30,000 light years

Front 21

What does venus do in relationship with the sun?

Back 21

venus reflects sunlight in the morning

Front 22

what is the supernovae in the milky way galaxy?

Back 22

kepler

Front 23

Who first showed that the milky way is not the only galaxy in the universe?

Back 23

hubble

Front 24

Evidence for the big bang?

Back 24

observation that the universe is expanding
independent evidence that microwave radiation is coming from all directions in space
abundnce of light elements

Front 25

the sun produces energy by what?

Back 25

burning hydrogen

Front 26

which federal agency has spent the most money for R&D?

Back 26

department of defense

Front 27

copernicus hypothesized?

Back 27

the sun is the center of the universe

Front 28

the inner core at the center of the earth contains what?

Back 28

the heaviest elements of the earths mass

Front 29

when did the first cell evolve on earth?

Back 29

3.5 billion years ago

Front 30

What does the impact collision theory of the Moons formation suggest?

Back 30

that the earth was struck by a huge object causing a large amount of mantle material to be blown out into the orbit

Front 31

volcanic outgassing produces what elements?

Back 31

carbon dioxide
water vapor
hydorgen gas

Front 32

what did we watch a video of in class?

Back 32

comet wild 2

Front 33

how far can light travel in one second?

Back 33

300,000 km

Front 34

what did newton come up with?

Back 34

three laws of motion

Front 35

age of the universe?

Back 35

13.7 billion years

Front 36

the nebular hypothesis states?

Back 36

the solar system began as a cloud of dust and gas

Front 37

which scientist discovered pluto?

Back 37

clyde tombaugh

Front 38

optical telescopes use?

Back 38

a curved mirror

Front 39

the diameter of the milky way galaxy is?

Back 39

120,000 light years

Front 40

why does the earth have layers?

Back 40

differentiation of elements and materials

Front 41

sodium chloride atoms form a crystal lattice that is held together by what?

Back 41

ionic bond

Front 42

an example of something created by metallic bond is?

Back 42

gold

Front 43

why is glass not a mineral?

Back 43

because it lacks long range order in its atomic structure
also will not yield a XRD pattern

Front 44

27% of the earths outer crust is composed of what?

Back 44

silicon

Front 45

Bragg's Law?

Back 45

(h) / 2 sin (o)

Front 46

the northwestern coast of the united states is in what?

Back 46

a subduction zone (mt st helens)

Front 47

evidence for plate tectonics?

Back 47

tepographic profiles of the ocean floors
maps on rock magnetism
data classifying rocks by age
sea floor spreading

Front 48

how were the magnetic patterns from the seafloor data created?

Back 48

by magnetite in lava flows
first mapped by a ship named Pioneer off the coast of washington

Front 49

what causes divergent plate boundries?

Back 49

sea floor spreading

Front 50

what is an example of transforming plates?

Back 50

San Andreas fault

Front 51

ocean rocks are?

Back 51

basalt

Front 52

continental rocks are?

Back 52

granite

Front 53

first solids to form on earth were?

Back 53

igneous rocks

Front 54

how do two isotopes of the same element differ?

Back 54

their nuclei have different number of neutrons

Front 55

dr lower used what to represent x-ray diffraction in class?

Back 55

red laser pointer

Front 56

what is a chemical bond?

Back 56

the redistribution of electrons between atoms, leading to a more stable configuartion

Front 57

valence electrons?

Back 57

electrons at the outer level of the atom

Front 58

example of hydrogen bond?

Back 58

DNA

Front 59

where is the longest mountain range on earth?

Back 59

mid atlantic ocean ridge

Front 60

forces that move contients and tectonic plates?

Back 60

convection cells
mantle convection
radioactive decay
heat energy left from the great bombardment

Front 61

why have mountains not eroded?

Back 61

mountains are reformed by tectonic uplift that is greater than or equal to the erosional forces

Front 62

what is the oldest part of the Hawaiin Island Chain?

Back 62

northwest part

Front 63

rhyolite?

Back 63

a light colored fine grained igneous rock

Front 64

what dod dr lower use to demonstrate radioactive decay in class?

Back 64

pennies

Front 65

carbohydrates?

Back 65

sugars composed of monosaccharides like glucose

Front 66

lipids?

Back 66

fatty acids, phospholipids, membranes, hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Front 67

proteins?

Back 67

chains of amino acids

Front 68

nucleic acids?

Back 68

DNA and RNA

Front 69

why is venus so hot?

Back 69

green house effect

Front 70

what is carbon sequestration and what are the four thigns it does?

Back 70

store carbon in reservoirs
1) promote growth of plants (trees)
2) pump CO2 into deep subsurface aquifer
3) fertilize ocean to stimulate growth of phytoplankton
4) promote growth of rocks that contain carbon limestone

Front 71

What are the 5 properties of a mineral?

Back 71

- Natural occuring
- Solid
- Inorganic formed
- Specific chemical composition
- Crystal Structure

Front 72

Explosive nature of a volcano is determined by its ___________________________ of magma.

Back 72

Silica content (SiO2)

Front 73

Whats a mineral with the lowest silica content?

Back 73

Basalt (45%-50%)

Front 74

What's a mineral with the highest silica content?

Back 74

Rhyolite

Front 75

Why have most mountains not erode to a flat plain?

Back 75

Mountains are reformed by tectonic uplift that is greater or equal to the erosional forces.

Front 76

What are the important properties of a shield volcano?

Back 76

Mafic, Basalt/Gabbro, Oceanic, Hawaiian island chain, Less viscous due to lower silica content.

Front 77

Important properties of Composite Volcano

Back 77

Felsic, Rhyolite/Granite
Mt. St. Helens
More viscous due to high silica content.

Front 78

All cells possess a ______________________ which is strudded with protein receptors.

Back 78

lipid bilayer membrane

Front 79

Subduction zone regions are common in locations of:

Back 79

Active volcanoes,
Destruction of oceanic plate material
Melting of felsic (light) material
Stratovolcanoes and composite volcanoes

Front 80

The natural temperature increase associated with atmospheric trapping of heat is called what?

Back 80

The Greenhouse effect

Front 81

For the greenhouse effect what type of radiation is emitted from the earth's surface and what radiation is reflect by the Earth and the atmosphere?

Back 81

Infrared radiation emitted from Earth's surface since CO2 absorbs infrared radiation. Solar radiation passes and is reflected by the Earth and the atmosphere.

Front 82

The reason of the increase in our CO2 levels is due to what factors?

Back 82

- Glaciers since they trap atmospheric gas
- Carbon sinking traps excess CO2

Front 83

A Higher d-spacing means the peak will melt _________ which means it has a ________ temperature and a Lower d-spacing means the peak will melt __________ which means it has a __________ temperature.

Back 83

Higher d-spacing means peak will melt last since it's temperature is the highest. A lower d-spacing means the peak will melt first meaning it has a low temperature.

Front 84

What did Milutin Milankovitch (serbian engineer and mathematician theorize?

Back 84

- Theory: Relatioinship between Earth and Sun is affected by a a number of variations in Earth's rotation and its orbit.

Eccentricity, Axial Tilt, and Precession.

Front 85

Trees and other green plants breath in CO2 and convert into what during photosynthesis?

Back 85

Convert to solid, carbon, carbohydrates, protein, DNA, etc.

Front 86

A High eccentricity means what?

Back 86

Colder, Ice Age, Earth is farther from the Sun.

Front 87

A Low eccentricity means:

Back 87

Hot, High sun, sea level rises, thin sheets of solid H20 on land

Front 88

What is our atmosphere mainly composed of?

Back 88

Nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%)

and Argon 0.9% and CO2 0.03%.

Remaining gases (Helium, methane, ozone, etc.)

Front 89

Mt. St. Helens has properties of what type of rock?

Back 89

Continental Rock:
Felsic
Granite
Rhyolite
Continental
Strato

Front 90

Hawaii has properties of what type of rock?

Back 90

Oceanic Rock.
Properties - Mafic, Gabbro, Basalt,

Front 91

What's the role of proteins?

Back 91

- Generate ATP or synthesize material
- Transport thru and structure of membranes

Front 92

An amino acid contains what two groups?

Back 92

Carboxylic group (COOH) - comb. of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
Amino group (NH2) - nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms

Front 93

How many different amino acids are produced in cells?

Back 93

20 different amino acids

Front 94

What is a peptide bond?

Back 94

Hydrogen atom connects amino acids - shows how proteins are formed through linkage

Front 95

What are enzyme's purpose?

Back 95

Enzyme's purpose is to bring together two other molecules to form bond - determine the properties of those systems.

Front 96

What's the role of lipids?

Back 96

- Form cell membranes that separate living material from its environment, as well as separate one part of a cell from other parts
- Store energy

Front 97

When something cross-cuts the layer of faults such as drilling, what effect does it have on minerals?

Back 97

Minerals on the top layers can no longer be found thus only the current layer to the oldest layer of minerals can be found.

Front 98

Subductions zones are commonly in locations of what?

Back 98

Active Volcanoes