Earth Space Science

Front 1

What is NOT one of the main areas of Earth Science

Back 1

astrology

Front 2

What is the study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather and climate

Back 2

meterology

Front 3

The area of Earth Science that examines the physical and biological changes that have occured in Earth's past is called what

Back 3

historical geology

Front 4

The inner planets- Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars-were formed by

Back 4

repeated collisions of asteroid-sized debris

Front 5

According to the nebular hyporthesis, our solar system formed from huge rotating cloud made mostly of

Back 5

helium and hydrogen

Front 6

The outer planets- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, are made up of

Back 6

water, carbon dioxide, amonia, and methane

Front 7

Earth's four major spheres are the

Back 7

hydropshere, atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere

Front 8

Which of Earth's spheres includes the oceans, groundwater, lakes, and glaciers

Back 8

the hydrosphere

Front 9

The life-forms of the biosphere are located in the

Back 9

atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere

Front 10

What is the layer closest to us of the Earth's geosphere called

Back 10

crust

Front 11

What layer of Earth's geosphere is 2890 km

Back 11

lower mantle

Front 12

What are three main parts of the geosphere

Back 12

crust, mantle, core

Front 13

The crust and uppermost mantle make up the rigid outer layer of Earth called waht

Back 13

lithosphere

Front 14

The theory of plate tectonics helps scientists explain

Back 14

how earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur

Front 15

What is the driving force for the movement of the lithospheric plates

Back 15

unequal distribution of heat within Earth

Front 16

According to the plate tectonics model, what layers form Earth's rigid, mobile plates

Back 16

crust and uppermost mantle

Front 17

The distance, measured in degress, north and south ofthe equator is referred to as

Back 17

latitude

Front 18

On the global grid, the prime meridian is at

Back 18

0 degrees longitude

Front 19

How could two points 35 degrees north of the equator-one in North America and the other in China-be distinguished using map coordinates

Back 19

by their longitude

Front 20

Differences in elevation are best shown using a

Back 20

Robinson projection map

Front 21

On a topographic map, contour lines that form a circle indicate a(n)

Back 21

ocean

Front 22

A map with a scale of 1:24,000 means that

Back 22

one unit on the map is equal to 24,000 units on the ground

Front 23

Earth is ocnsidered a system because all of its parts

Back 23

interact

Front 24

Any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole is a(n)

Back 24

system

Front 25

Which of the following would be one of the interacting parts in a weather system

Back 25

clouds

Front 26

What are the two sources of energy for the Earth system

Back 26

the sun and wind

Front 27

The sun's energy dirves which of the folloiwng processes

Back 27

weather and ocean circulation

Front 28

What is an environmental hazard created by humans

Back 28

air pollution

Front 29

what is NOT caused by human interactions with the Earth system

Back 29

mountain building

Front 30

How could the building of a dam affect the Earth system

Back 30

a dam could cause the flooding of a nearby forest, a dam could destroy a fish species that needs swiftly moving water, and a dam could block the migration of spawning fish.

Front 31

Which of the following is an example of a renewable resource

Back 31

energy from flowing water

Front 32

resources that can be replenished over a relatively short ime span is what

Back 32

fossil fuels

Front 33

Whatt is NOT an example of a norenewable resource

Back 33

solar energy

Front 34

What is NOT an example of a renewable resource

Back 34

chicken

Front 35

A scientific hypothesis can become a theory if

Back 35

the hypothesis can be tested at least once

Front 36

A preliminary untested explanation that tries to explain how or why things happen in the manner observed is a scientific

Back 36

hypothesis

Front 37

A scientific idea that is well tested and widely accepted by the scientific community is caleld a scientific

Back 37

theory

Front 38

In a scientific inquiry, when competing hypotheses have been eliminated, a hypothesis may be elevated to the status of a scientific

Back 38

theory

Front 39

The science of what is traditionally divided into two parts: physical and historical

Back 39

geology

Front 40

A group of science called what science deals with Earth and its neighbors in space

Back 40

?

Front 41

The what hypothesis suggests that our solar system evolved from a huge rotating cloud of dust and gas

Back 41

nebular

Front 42

Earth can be divided into four major spheres: the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the what and the biosphere

Back 42

geosphere

Front 43

The what refers to the rigid, outer layer of Earth, which includes the crust and part of the upper mantle

Back 43

lithosphere

Front 44

The theory of what provides a model to explain how volcanoes and earthquakes occur and how continents move

Back 44

plate tectonics

Front 45

According ot the theory of plate tectonics forces what forces such as volcanism and mountain building receive energy from Earth's interior

Back 45

constructive

Front 46

Lines of what are used to measure distances east or west of the prime meridian in degress.

Back 46

Longitude

Front 47

A(n) what map, projections a flat representation of Earth that shows directions accurately, but distorts sizes and distances

Back 47

mercator

Front 48

The major difference between a topographic map and other maps is that a topographic map shows

Back 48

elevation

Front 49

Loosely defined a(n) what can be any size groups of interacting parts that form a complex whole

Back 49

system

Front 50

Earth's weather and ocean circulation are powered by energy from the what

Back 50

sun

Front 51

What interaction with the Earth system has resulted in reource depletion and water and air pollution

Back 51

human

Front 52

A(n) renewable reource is a resource that can be replenished over a relatively short time span

Back 52

renewable

Front 53

A scientific what is a well-tested and widely accepted view that scientists agree best explains certain observable facts

Back 53

theory

Front 54

What are the traditional subdivisions of Earth science

Back 54

geoloy, meterology,

Front 55

What are the three major layers of the geosphere

Back 55

crust, mantel, and core

Front 56

What are the two major sources of energy for the Earth system

Back 56

sun, and Earth's interior

Front 57

What are two examples of human activites that can affect the Earth system

Back 57

urban air pollution, and acid rain

Front 58

What is NOT one of the eight most ommon elements in Earth's continental crust

Back 58

carbon

Front 59

The most abundant element in Earth's continental crust (by weight) is

Back 59

oxygen

Front 60

What are the building blocks of minerals

Back 60

elements

Front 61

The central region of an atom is called the

Back 61

nucleus

Front 62

The smallest particle of an element that still retains all the element's properties is a(n)

Back 62

atom

Front 63

If the atomic number of an element is 6 and its mass numver is 14, how many neutrons are contained i nthe nucleus

Back 63

8

Front 64

An atom that loses or gains electrons is called a(n)

Back 64

ion

Front 65

Atoms containing the same numbers of protons and different number of neutrons are

Back 65

isotopes

Front 66

Isotopes of the same element differ in the number of

Back 66

neutrons

Front 67

The mass number of an atom is obtained by totaling the number of

Back 67

protons and neutrons

Front 68

When two or more elements bond together in definite proportions, they form a(n)

Back 68

compound

Front 69

Which subatomic particles are most involved in chemical bonding

Back 69

electrons

Front 70

What statement about the chemical combination of atoms to form compounds is NOT ture

Back 70

compounds form when atoms are less stable in combined form

Front 71

The main types of chemical obnds are

Back 71

ionic, covalent, and metallic

Front 72

What type of chemical bond forms between positive and negative ions

Back 72

ionic

Front 73

What is the smallest particle of a covalent compound that shows that the properties of that compound

Back 73

a molecule

Front 74

Compounds with high melting points have

Back 74

ionic bonds

Front 75

What is NOT a characteristic of minerals

Back 75

either liquid of solid

Front 76

What is a naturally occuring, inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition

Back 76

a mineral

Front 77

Minerals form from bodies of water due to the process of

Back 77

precipitation

Front 78

The process of mineral formation from magma is called

Back 78

crystallization

Front 79

Mineral formation caused by high pressures and high temperatures would most likely occur in which of the following environments

Back 79

deep within Earth

Front 80

Minerals are classified by

Back 80

composition

Front 81

A mineral that contains carbon, oxygen, and the metallic element magnesium would be classified as a(n)

Back 81

carbonate

Front 82

The building block of the silicate minerals is called the

Back 82

silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

Front 83

Minerals with the silicon-oxygen structure, are classified into what group

Back 83

silicates

Front 84

All minerals in the sulfate and sulfide groups contain what element

Back 84

sulfur

Front 85

The most common mineral group in Earth's crust is the

Back 85

sulfides

Front 86

To which mineral group does orthoclase feldspar belong

Back 86

the silicates

Front 87

Which of the following properties is generally the least useful in identifying minerals

Back 87

color

Front 88

The color of a mineral, such as fluorite, changes due to

Back 88

small amounts of different elements

Front 89

The appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral is called

Back 89

luster

Front 90

The resistance of a mineral to being scratched is called

Back 90

hardness

Front 91

the color of the powdered form of a mineral is called

Back 91

fracture

Front 92

Mohs scale is used to determine what property of minerals

Back 92

hardness

Front 93

what is the hardness of an unknown mineral that scratches glass, but will not scratch quartz

Back 93

6.0

Front 94

The tendency of minerals to break along smooth flat surfaces is called

Back 94

cleavage

Front 95

What is the uneven breakage of a mineral called

Back 95

fracture

Front 96

What determines whether a mineral will show cleavage or break in irregular fractures

Back 96

internal atomic structure

Front 97

what is the density of a mineral

Back 97

the ratio if a mineral's mass to its volume

Front 98

How could you determine if a sample of gold is pure

Back 98

compare the sample's density with that of pure gold

Front 99

which of the following minerals will fizz in contact with hydrochloric acid

Back 99

calcite

Front 100

what property can be used to distinguish tale and gypsum

Back 100

talc has a soapy feel

Front 101

what determines the properties of a mineral

Back 101

composition and structure

Front 102

the smallest part of an element that still retains the element's properties is a(n)

Back 102

atom

Front 103

a(n) what is an electrically neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom

Back 103

netral

Front 104

atoms of the same element that have different mass numbers are called

Back 104

isotopes

Front 105

the sum of the neutrons and protons in the nucleus is the atom's

Back 105

mass number

Front 106

Most minerals are composed of two or more elements joined to form a chemically stable

Back 106

compound

Front 107

Compounds with what bonds are poor conductors of electricity, even what melted

Back 107

covalent

Front 108

A naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition is a(n)

Back 108

mineral

Front 109

As magma cools, the first minerals to what are rich in iron, calcium, and magnesium

Back 109

crystallize

Front 110

Minerals are classified into gorups based on

Back 110

composition

Front 111

Silicon and oxygen combine to form the framework of th most common mineral group, the what mineral

Back 111

silicate

Front 112

small amounts of different elements i nthe smae mineral can change the what of the mineral

Back 112

color

Front 113

When minerals form slowly without space restrictions, they will develop

Back 113

crystals

Front 114

The tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding is called

Back 114

cleavage

Front 115

The ratio of a mineral's mass to its volume is its

Back 115

density

Front 116

The mineral waht is strongly magnetic

Back 116

magnetite

Front 117

Waht are the two most common elements found in Earth's continental crust

Back 117

silicon and oxygen

Front 118

In what way does an isotope vary from the common form of the same element

Back 118

different mass number due to different neutrons

Front 119

Which of the following is true about rocks

Back 119

most rocks are a mixture of minerals

Front 120

What is a naturally occurring, solid mass or minerals or mineral-like matter

Back 120

a rock

Front 121

what is NOT considered to be a rock

Back 121

lava

Front 122

Which is NOT one of the three types of rock

Back 122

magma

Front 123

The three groups of rock are classified by

Back 123

how they formed

Front 124

What type of rock should occur in the part of the rock cycle before weathering and erosin and after cooling

Back 124

igneous

Front 125

What processes would be occurring in the part of the rock cycle after sediment but before sedimentary rock

Back 125

compact and cementation

Front 126

What type of rock should occur in the part of the rock cycle after compaction and cementation and before heat and pressure

Back 126

sedimentary

Front 127

all of the energy that drives Earth's rock cycle comes from

Back 127

earth's interior and the sun

Front 128

What type of rocks are formed by processes powered by the sun

Back 128

sedimentary rocks

Front 129

where is the energy source found that drives the processes that form igneous and metamorphic rocks

Back 129

earth's interior

Front 130

a rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth's surface is called an

Back 130

intrusive igneous rock

Front 131

which of the following is an example of an extrusive igneous rock

Back 131

rhyolite

Front 132

a rock that forms from cooling lava is classified as an

Back 132

extrusive igneous rock

Front 133

when large masses of magma solidify far below Earth surface, they form igneous rocks that have a

Back 133

coarse-grained texture

Front 134

the igneous rock texture that is characterized by two distinctly different crystal sizes is called

Back 134

porphuritic texture

Front 135

lava that cools so quickly that ions do not have time to arrange themselves into crystals will form igneous rocks with a

Back 135

glassy texture

Front 136

as the rate of cooling of igneous rocks increases, the size of the crystals that form

Back 136

decreases

Front 137

a conglomerat is a rock that forms as a result of

Back 137

compaction and cementation

Front 138

what is the correct order of the processes involved in sedimentary rock formation

Back 138

weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, cementation

Front 139

which sedimentary rock would most likely be deposited in a very high-energy stream

Back 139

conglomerate

Front 140

What is responsible for the formation of rock gypsum

Back 140

precipitation from a water solution

Front 141

what type of rock is compsed of very fine crystalline quartz

Back 141

flint

Front 142

what is a coarse-grained rock with angular fragments would be classified as a

Back 142

breccia

Front 143

clastic sedimentary rock with particles that are 1.5 millimeters in diameter would be classified as a

Back 143

sandstone

Front 144

what type of sedimentary rock is formed from weathered particle of rocks and minerals

Back 144

clastic sedimentary rock

Front 145

which of the following is a use for fossils found in sedimentary rocks

Back 145

interpreting past environments, indicating when the rock formed, matching rocks of the same age found in different places

Front 146

sedimentary rocks with ripple marks suggest that the rocks formed

Back 146

along a beach or stream bed

Front 147

what would a metamorphic rock most likely form

Back 147

8 kilometers below earth's surface

Front 148

the primary agent of contact metamorphism is

Back 148

heat

Front 149

most of the heat for contact metamorphism is supplied by

Back 149

a nearby mass of magma

Front 150

what rock-forming process occurs when hot magma forces its way into rock

Back 150

contact metamorphism

Front 151

what is NOT an agent of metamorphism

Back 151

running wate

Front 152

what change may occur during metamorphism

Back 152

certain minerals amy recrystallize, the rock becoems more compact, and crystals may grow larger

Front 153

a foliated metamorphic rock forms when crystals

Back 153

combine and form visible bands

Front 154

what metamorphic rock has a nonfoliated texture

Back 154

marble

Front 155

a metamorphic rock can be classified according to its

Back 155

texture and composition

Front 156

the foliated metamorphic rock that forms when the sedimentary rock shale is subjected to relatively low temperatures and pressure is

Back 156

slate

Front 157

a(n) what is a solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally

Back 157

rock

Front 158

rocks are generally classified as igneous, what, or metamorphic

Back 158

sedimentary

Front 159

the rock cycle is driven inernally by heat form what and externally by energy from the sun

Back 159

Earth's interior

Front 160

what rock form when magma hardens and cools

Back 160

intrusive igneous

Front 161

when igneous rocks cool rapidly, and ions do not have time to unite into an orderly crystalline what texture result

Back 161

glassy

Front 162

because of the way they form crystalline limestone and chert are classified as what sedimentary rocks

Back 162

chemical

Front 163

in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks, the oldest rocks would be at the what of the sequence

Back 163

bottom

Front 164

most what rocks form under conditions found a few kilometers under Earth's surface

Back 164

metamorphic

Front 165

large-scale folding of rocks during the process of mountain building is characterstic of a(n) what metamorphism setting

Back 165

regional

Front 166

metamorphic rocks that are composed of only one mineral, and that form large interlocking crystals, often have a(n) what texture

Back 166

nonfoliated

Front 167

the parent tock of the nonfoliated metamorphic rock called what is commoly a quartz sandstone

Back 167

quartzite

Front 168

what factor most influences the size of mineral crystals in igneous rocks

Back 168

the cooling rate

Front 169

what two characteristics used to classify igneous rock

Back 169

texture, and composition

Front 170

what is a fossil

Back 170

any evidence of prehistoritic life

Front 171

fossils are useful clues to geologists in many ways. What are two ways that fossils are useful to a geologists

Back 171

it can show where the rock came from, and can tell how old the rock is

Front 172

the process that occurs when physical forces break rock into smaller pieces without changing the rock's chemical composition is called what

Back 172

mechanical weathering

Front 173

what weathering process involves the constant freezing and thawing of water

Back 173

frost wedging

Front 174

what is NOT associated with mechanical weathering

Back 174

reactions with oxygen

Front 175

what is responsible for the formatin of exfoliation domes

Back 175

unloading

Front 176

what type of mechanical weathering is most common in mountainous regions in the middle latitudes

Back 176

frost wedging

Front 177

when water freezes, tis volume

Back 177

increases

Front 178

which of the following is NOT related to chemical weathering

Back 178

frost wedging

Front 179

the gradual rounding of the coners and edges of angular blocks of rock called what

Back 179

spheroidal weathering

Front 180

what is the result of chemical weathering

Back 180

a rock that has been changed into one or more new compounds

Front 181

whenever the characteristics and chemical compostion of weathered materials have been altered, they have undergone

Back 181

chemical weathering

Front 182

what is NOT a factor that affects the rate of weathering in rocks

Back 182

biological evolution

Front 183

which of these factors affect the rate of weathering

Back 183

climate, chemical composition of the exposed rock, and surface area of th exposed rock

Front 184

chemical weathering would be

Back 184

most effective in a warm, humid climate

Front 185

what is NOT a major component of soil

Back 185

earthworms

Front 186

the factor that has the greatest effect on soil formation is

Back 186

climate

Front 187

a soil's texture is determined by

Back 187

particle size

Front 188

the main source of organic matter in soil is

Back 188

plants

Front 189

what is a soil called that has 20 percent clay, 60 percent silt, and 20 percent sand

Back 189

silty loam

Front 190

what are the proportions of clay, silt, and sand

Back 190

clay: 10 percent; silt:20 percent; sand:70 percent

Front 191

what are the proportions of clay, silt, and sand

Back 191

clay: 20 percent; silt: 40 percent; sand: 40 percent

Front 192

in a well-developed soil profile, which horizon is the uppermost layer

Back 192

the A horizon

Front 193

soil that forms on unconsolidated deposits is called

Back 193

transported soil

Front 194

a soil that is characteristic of the humid eastern United States is

Back 194

pedalfer

Front 195

a soil associated with the hot and wet tropics is

Back 195

laterite

Front 196

laterite soils contain high amounts of

Back 196

iron oxide

Front 197

what is NOT true of laterite soils

Back 197

they are very productive agriculturally

Front 198

the rate of soil erosion depends on

Back 198

climate, slope steepness, and the type of vegetation

Front 199

what is the order for water eroding soil

Back 199

sheet erosion, rills, gullies

Front 200

the process responsible for moving material downslope under the influence of gravity is called

Back 200

soil formatin

Front 201

what is the force behind mass movements

Back 201

gravity

Front 202

what is NOT true about mass movements

Back 202

mass movements always led to landslides

Front 203

what factor commonly triggers mass movements

Back 203

saturation of surface materials with water, earthquakes, and removal of vegetation

Front 204

why can the removal of vegetation trigger mass movements

Back 204

the plant roots bind the soil and regolith together

Front 205

during what season would you expect mass movements to be a greater threat

Back 205

a wet spring before vegetation is growing

Front 206

a mass movement that involves the sudden movement of a block of material along a flat, inclined surface is called a

Back 206

slide

Front 207

when a block of material moves downslope along a curved surface, the type of mass movement is called

Back 207

a slump

Front 208

what is the slowest type of mass movement

Back 208

creep

Front 209

which of the following statements best descrives a slump

Back 209

slippage of a block of material moving along a curved surface

Front 210

alternate freezing and thawing ofen leads to

Back 210

creep

Front 211

the process called waht involves physical forces that break rock into smaller pieces

Back 211

mechanical weathering

Front 212

in the process of what, water freezes and expands, enlarging cracks in rocks

Back 212

frost wedging

Front 213

the processes called what occurs when large masses or igneous rock, particularly grantem begin to break loose like the layers of an onion

Back 213

exfoliation

Front 214

a large pile of debris that forms at the base of a slope is called

Back 214

talus

Front 215

What is the process that changes rock into one or more new compounds called

Back 215

chemical weathering

Front 216

clime, amount of surface areas of exposed rock, and what else are factors that affect the rate of weathering

Back 216

rock characteristics

Front 217

the layer of rock and mineral fragments produced by weathering, and covering nearly all of Earth's land surface, is called what

Back 217

regolith

Front 218

the portion of regolith that supports plant growth is called

Back 218

soil

Front 219

soils are divided into xones known as

Back 219

horizons

Front 220

a vertical section through all of the soil horizons is called

Back 220

soil profile

Front 221

what is a soil type that forms in temperate areas, and is characterized by the accumulation of iron oxides and aluminum-rich clays

Back 221

pedalfer

Front 222

large amounts of calcium carbonate are typical of the type of soil called

Back 222

pedocal

Front 223

what is a soil type that has undergone intense chemical weathering in a wet, tropic area, and is rich in iron oxide and aluminum oxides

Back 223

laterite

Front 224

human activities that remove vegetation have resulted in a(n) what in soil erosion

Back 224

increase

Front 225

the downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil under the direct influence of gravity is called a(n)

Back 225

mass movement

Front 226

the force that drives mass movements is

Back 226

gravity

Front 227

the downward movement of a block of material along a curved surface is called a(n)

Back 227

slump

Front 228

what is the slowest type of mass movement, involves the lifting and contractiong of soil particles over time

Back 228

creep

Front 229

what are three factors that affect the rate of weathering

Back 229

rock characteristics, weathering, and climate

Front 230

What comes from the clouds and goes into the ocean

Back 230

precipitation

Front 231

what is from the top of the land to the bottom

Back 231

infiltation

Front 232

what is the energy for a water cycle

Back 232

the sun

Front 233

the water cycle if the

Back 233

unending circulation of Earth's water supply

Front 234

Plants release water into the atmosphere through a process called

Back 234

transpiration

Front 235

balance in the water cycle means that

Back 235

average anual precipitation over Earth equals the amount of water that evaporates

Front 236

the average annual precipitation worldwide must equal the quanity of water

Back 236

evaporated

Front 237

the ability of a stream to erode and transport material depends largely on its

Back 237

velocity

Front 238

what does NOT influence stream velocity

Back 238

stream elevation

Front 239

along straight stretches of a stream channgel, the highest velocities of water are found in what part of the stream

Back 239

near the water surface in the center of the stream

Front 240

if you were to examine the profile of a typical stream, you would probably find that th gradient is

Back 240

steepest near the land

Front 241

the vertical drop of a stream channel over a certain distance is called

Back 241

gradient

Front 242

a stream's discharge

Back 242

increases between its source and mouth

Front 243

if a river originates 200 meters above sea level and travels 400 kilometers to the ocean, what is the average gradient in meters per kilometer

Back 243

0.5 m/k

Front 244

as stream discharge increasesm which of the following occurs

Back 244

stream velocity, channel, width, and depth all increase

Front 245

Base level is

Back 245

the lowest point to which a stream can erode its channel

Front 246

What is the ultimate base level of a stream

Back 246

the ocean

Front 247

lowering a stream's base level will cause the stream to

Back 247

downcut

Front 248

the suspended load of a stream

Back 248

usually consists of fine sand, silt, and clay-sized particles

Front 249

the capactiy of a stream is directly related to its

Back 249

discharge

Front 250

what is the measure of the largest particles a stream can carry

Back 250

gradient

Front 251

a natural levee is

Back 251

a depositional feature parallel to the stream channel

Front 252

occasionally, deposition causes the main channel of a stream to divide into several smaller channels caleld

Back 252

distributaries

Front 253

the flat portion of a valley floor adjacent to a stream channel is called a

Back 253

floodplain

Front 254

the most prominent features of a narrow V-shaped valley, where the stream profile drops rapidly are

Back 254

rapids and waterfalls

Front 255

one traditional flood control method has been to attempt to keep the stream's flow within its channel by creating

Back 255

artificial levees

Front 256

limiting development on floodplains is effective because it

Back 256

allows floodplains to absorb floodwaters with little harm to structures

Front 257

what are the boundaries called that separate streams in adjacent drainage basins

Back 257

divides

Front 258

what feature(s) will be formed along the hillside

Back 258

springs

Front 259

groundwater is found underground in the zone of

Back 259

saturation

Front 260

permeable rock layers or sediments that transmit groundwater freely are called

Back 260

aquifers

Front 261

the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces are called

Back 261

porosity

Front 262

what is a measure of material's ability to transmit fluids through interconnected pore spaces

Back 262

permeability

Front 263

when groundwater enters underground fractures or caverns in hot igneous rocks, where it is heated to boiling temperatures, what feature can form

Back 263

geyser

Front 264

any formatin in which groundwater rises on its own under pressure is a(n)

Back 264

artesian well

Front 265

the depression often produced in the water table, when water is pumped from a well, is called

Back 265

the cone of depression

Front 266

caverns most commonly form in what type of bedrock

Back 266

limestone

Front 267

which type of rock usually underlies a karst landscape

Back 267

limestone

Front 268

sinkholes can form when

Back 268

rainwater containing carbon dioxide dissolved underground rock

Front 269

what is associated with areas of karst topography

Back 269

sinkholes, sinking streams, and caverns

Front 270

what is NOT common in an area of karst topography

Back 270

surface drainage systems

Front 271

the release of water vapor into the atmosphere by plants in referred to as

Back 271

transpiration

Front 272

in order to maintain Earth's water balance, evaporation exceeds precipitation over what

Back 272

exceeds

Front 273

precipitation exceeds evaporation over what

Back 273

land

Front 274

the ability of a stream to erode and transport materials is determined mainly by the stream's

Back 274

velocity

Front 275

the what of a stream is the amount of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time

Back 275

discharge

Front 276

the maximum depth to which a stream can erode is called

Back 276

base level

Front 277

the what of a stream is measure of the maximum size of particles it can transport

Back 277

competence

Front 278

an accumulation of sediment formed where a stream enters a lake or the ocean is called a(n)

Back 278

delta

Front 279

a(n) what is the flat, low-lying portion of a stream valley that is covered with water during floods

Back 279

floodplain

Front 280

artificial levees and dams are structures used to control

Back 280

floods

Front 281

the land area that contributes water to a stream is referred to as the stream's

Back 281

drainage basin

Front 282

the upper limit of the zone of saturation is called the

Back 282

water table

Front 283

an intermittent hot spring in which a column of water shoots up with great force at various intervals is a(n)

Back 283

geyser

Front 284

groundwater what can be caused by leaking septic systems, leaking landfills, and agricultural chemicals

Back 284

pollution

Front 285

caverns form at or below the water table in the zone of

Back 285

aeration

Front 286

landscapes that have been shaped largely by the dissolving power of gorundwater are said to have

Back 286

karst topography

Front 287

what is true about ice sheets

Back 287

they flow in all directions

Front 288

the Antarctic Ice Sheet in the Southern Hemisphere

Back 288

holds almost two-thirds of Earth's fresh water

Front 289

a thich ice mass that forms over the land from the accumulation, compaction, and recrystallization of snow is a

Back 289

glacier

Front 290

currently, about what percent of Earth's land surface is covered by glaciers

Back 290

10%

Front 291

what is NOT true about glaciers

Back 291

they exist only in the Northern Hemisphere

Front 292

where do glaciers form

Back 292

in areas where more snow falls than melts

Front 293

the loosening and lifting of blocks or rock by glacier is called

Back 293

till

Front 294

icebergs are produced when large peices of ice break off from the front of a glacier during a process called

Back 294

calving

Front 295

what is the term for all sediments of glacial origin

Back 295

glacial drift

Front 296

one characteristic of glacial movement is taht

Back 296

the movement depends on the balance between accumulation and wastage

Front 297

what is the zone above the snowline on a glacier called

Back 297

zone of accumulatin

Front 298

a bowl-shaped drepression at the head of a glacial valley is a(n)

Back 298

cirque

Front 299

what isthe moraine called that marks the farthest advance of a glacier

Back 299

terminal end moraine

Front 300

what is NOT an effect that Pleistocene glaciers had on the landscape

Back 300

extinctin of the dinosaurs

Front 301

what is formed by glacial erosion

Back 301

the Great Lakes

Front 302

In the desert, ephermeral streams

Back 302

run only after it rains

Front 303

dry, flat lake beds located in the center of basins in arid areas are called

Back 303

playas

Front 304

A cone of debris is debris deposited by running water at the mouth of a canyon in an arid area is known as a(n)

Back 304

alluvial fan

Front 305

what force causes most of the erosion in desert areas

Back 305

running water

Front 306

why can a heavy rain shower cause a large amount of erosion in a desert area

Back 306

there is a lack of vegetation to hold the soil in place

Front 307

the rust-colored tint of some desert landscapes is the result of

Back 307

chemical weathering

Front 308

what is the main type of weathering in deserts

Back 308

physical weathering

Front 309

the weathered debris in deserts consists maninly of

Back 309

unchanged rock and mineral fragments

Front 310

what is NOT true about weathering in deserts

Back 310

there is no chemical weathering in deserts

Front 311

desert pavement is created as a result of

Back 311

delfation

Front 312

abrasion changes the desert surface by

Back 312

cutting and polishing exposed rock surfaces

Front 313

the action of abrasion can best be described as

Back 313

a windblown sand cutting and polishing exposed rock surfaces

Front 314

what is a blowout

Back 314

a shallow depression caused by deflation

Front 315

deflation affected the Dust Bowl in the 1930s by

Back 315

lowering the land

Front 316

how does wind transport sand grains

Back 316

by saltation as part of the bed load

Front 317

in desert areas, what process results in the formation of a desert pavement

Back 317

deflation

Front 318

windblown silt that blankets a landscape is called

Back 318

desert pavement

Front 319

what is NOT deposited by wind

Back 319

till

Front 320

when wind creates a sand dune, the sheltered side of the dune

Back 320

is steeper than the windward side

Front 321

over time, sand dunes tend to migrate

Back 321

in the same direction as the wind blows

Front 322

if the steep face of a sand dune is on the southeast side of the dune, then the prevailing wind in this area is from the

Back 322

northwest

Front 323

the thick loess deposits in South Dakota, Nebraska, and Iowa

Back 323

had their source of glacial sediments

Front 324

sand dunes that form scalloped row of sand at right angles to the wind are called

Back 324

barchanoid dunes

Front 325

dunes whose tips point into the wind are called

Back 325

parabolic dunes

Front 326

long sand ridges that are oriented more or less parallel to the prevailing wind are called

Back 326

longitudinal dunes

Front 327

the shape of star dunes is mostly due to

Back 327

variable wind directions

Front 328

what type of sand dune would most likely form if the sand supply is limited, the wind direction is constant, and vegetation is sparse

Back 328

barchan dunes

Front 329

the small glaciers that exist in high mountainous areas are called

Back 329

valley glaciers

Front 330

the only what that exist today are found covering Greenland and Antarctica

Back 330

ice sheets

Front 331

in a process called what, glaciers smooth and polish the bedrock below, creating a pulverized substance called rock flour

Back 331

abrasion

Front 332

material deposited directly by glacial is called

Back 332

till

Front 333

the way a glacier moves depends on the balance, or lack of balance, between, what and wastage

Back 333

accumulation

Front 334

what is a streamlined asymmetrical hill composed of till

Back 334

drumlin

Front 335

what is a U-shaped valley produced by the erosion of a valley glacier

Back 335

glacial trough

Front 336

what is unsorted sediment laid down by glacial meltwater

Back 336

stratified drift

Front 337

the Pleistocene ice sheets greatly affected what patterns over large regions of North America

Back 337

drainage

Front 338

what is a cone of debris left at the mouth of a desert canyon

Back 338

alluvial fan

Front 339

most weathered debris in a desert is the result of what weathering

Back 339

physical

Front 340

the lifting and removal of loose material by wind is called

Back 340

deflation

Front 341

desert rock surfaces are cut and polished by windblown sand in a process known as

Back 341

abrasion

Front 342

deposits of windblown silt are called

Back 342

loess

Front 343

most sand dunes have a gently sloping what side

Back 343

windward

Front 344

what is a streamlined asymmetrical hill composed of till

Back 344

drumlin

Front 345

what is a U-shaped valley produced by the erosion of a valley glacier

Back 345

glacial trough

Front 346

what is unsorted sediment laid down by glacial meltwater

Back 346

stratified drift

Front 347

the Pleistocene ice sheets greatly affected what patterns over large regions of North America

Back 347

drainage

Front 348

what is a cone of debris left at the mouth of a desert canyon

Back 348

alluvial fan

Front 349

most weathered debris in a desert is the result of what weathering

Back 349

physical

Front 350

the lifting and removal of loose material by wind is called

Back 350

deflation

Front 351

desert rock surfaces are cut and polished by windblown sand in a process known as

Back 351

abrasion

Front 352

deposits of windblown silt are called

Back 352

loess

Front 353

most sand dunes have a gently sloping what side

Back 353

windward

Front 354

long sand ridges oriented at right angels to the wind form what dunes

Back 354

transverse

Front 355

a fault is

Back 355

a fracture in the Earth where movement has occurred

Front 356

an earthquake's epicenter is

Back 356

the place on the surface directly above the focus

Front 357

when an earthquake occurs, energy radiates in all directions from its source, which is called the

Back 357

focus

Front 358

earthquakes are usually associated with

Back 358

faults

Front 359

what is the cause of an earthquake

Back 359

elastic rebound

Front 360

the hypothesis that explains the release of energy during an earthquake is called the

Back 360

elastic rebound hypothesis

Front 361

most earthquakes are produced by the rapid release of which kind of energy stored in rock subjected to great forces

Back 361

elastic

Front 362

during an earthquake, the ground surface

Back 362

can move in any direction

Front 363

the adjustments of materials that follow a major earthquake often generate smaller earthquakes called

Back 363

Aftershocks

Front 364

Major earthquakes are sometimes preceded by small earthquakes called

Back 364

For shops

Front 365

To slow continuous manner that occurs along some fall zones as the first to ask

Back 365

Creep

Front 366

The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 occurred a long walk faults this emphasis will fault

Back 366

The San Francisco fault

Front 367

Small for sharks are preceding major earthquake occurred

Back 367

Days a reader's before the major earthquake

Front 368

Which waves travel most rapidly

Back 368

P waves

Front 369

What is true about P waves

Back 369

they travel faster than S waves

Front 370

What seismic waves compress and expand rocks in the direction the waves travel

Back 370

P waves

Front 371

A seismogram shows that P waves travel

Back 371

faster than S waves

Front 372

What is NOT a characteristic of S waves

Back 372

they temporarily change the volume of material by compression and expansion

Front 373

Overall, which seismic waves are the most destructive

Back 373

surface waves

Front 374

what is the minimum number of seismic stations that is needed to determine the location of an earthquake's epicenter

Back 374

three

Front 375

a travel-time graph can be used to find the

Back 375

distance to the epicenter of an earthquake

Front 376

the distance between seismic station and the earthquake epicenter is determined form the

Back 376

arrival times of P and S waves

Front 377

an earthquake's magnitude is a meausre of the

Back 377

size of seismic waves it produces

Front 378

the scale most widely used by scientists for measuring earthquakes is the

Back 378

moment magniture scale

Front 379

what instrument records earthquake waves

Back 379

seismograph

Front 380

the amount of shaking produced by an earthquake at a given location is called th

Back 380

intensity

Front 381

the trace that records an earthquake from seismic instruments is called a

Back 381

seismogram

Front 382

how much of an increase in wave amplitude is seen from an earthquake measuring 5.4 on th Richter scale copared to one measuring 4.4

Back 382

ten times

Front 383

The Richter magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the

Back 383

measurement of the amplitude of the largest seismic waves

Front 384

which of the following affects the amount of destruction caused by earthquakes vibrations

Back 384

the design of structures, the intensity and duration of the vibrations, and the nature of the material on which structures are built

Front 385

which area would the damage from an earthquake measuring 6.8 likely be the greatest

Back 385

area with older brick structures

Front 386

which of the following areas would most likely be the safest during a major earthquake

Back 386

area with granite bedrock

Front 387

Tsunamis are

Back 387

often generated by movements of the ocean floor

Front 388

a succession of ocean waves set in motion by a submarine earthquake is called a(n)

Back 388

tsunami

Front 389

in areas where unconsolidated sediments are saturated with water, earthquakes can turn stable soil into a fluid through a process called

Back 389

liquefaction

Front 390

a building that settles unevenly after an earthquake is evidence of

Back 390

liquefaction

Front 391

a tsunami can occur when there is vertical movemnt at a fault under

Back 391

the ocean floor

Front 392

violent shaking from an earthquake can cause soil and rock on slopes to fail and cause a

Back 392

landslide

Front 393

why do earthquakes often cause damaging fires

Back 393

Earthquake vibrations can break gas lines, water lines, and electrical lines

Front 394

what is used in an attempt to make short-range predictins of when earthquakes will occur

Back 394

strain in rocks near faults

Front 395

long-range earthquakes forecasts are based on the idea that earthquakes are

Back 395

repetitive

Front 396

what layers of Earth make up the lithosphere

Back 396

the crust and upper mantle

Front 397

what is the next to the outside layer of the earth

Back 397

the mantle

Front 398

earth's thin, rocky outer layer is its

Back 398

crust

Front 399

the Moho is

Back 399

boundary between the crust and the mantle

Front 400

Most of the information about Earth's interior obtained by studying

Back 400

earthquake waves

Front 401

through which Earth layer are S waves NOT transmitted

Back 401

outer core

Front 402

Earth's core is made of an alloy of

Back 402

iron and nickel

Front 403

The continental crust has the average composition of

Back 403

basalt

Front 404

Evidence that Earth's core has a high iron content comes from

Back 404

the study of earthquake waves

Front 405

Earth's inner core is solid because

Back 405

immense pressure

Front 406

the greatest conentration of metals occurs in Earth's

Back 406

core

Front 407

the location of Earth's surface above the point where an earthquake starts is the

Back 407

epicenter

Front 408

movements that follows a major earthquake ofen produces smaller earthquakes called

Back 408

aftershock

Front 409

the springing back of rock after it has been deformed is known as

Back 409

elastc rebound

Front 410

the seismic waves that travel through Earth's interior are what waves

Back 410

body

Front 411

the difference in the what P waves and S wves is used to locate an earthquake's epicenter

Back 411

velocities

Front 412

moment magnitude estimates the amount of what an earthquake releases, and is derived from the amount of displacement along a(n) what

Back 412

energy, fault

Front 413

the amount of damage that results from an earthquake depends on the intensity and duration of the earthquake, the nature of the material on which structures are built, and

Back 413

building design

Front 414

the tsunami warning system protects coastal areas around the what ocean

Back 414

Pacific

Front 415

an area along a fault where there has not been any earthquake activity in a long period of time is called a(n)

Back 415

seismic gap

Front 416

the relatively soft, weak layer of rock below the lithosphere is the

Back 416

asthenosphere

Front 417

the change in the physical properties of Earth's interior at the mantle-core boundary makes P waves what as they pass through the boundary

Back 417

bend