Earth And Space Science

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The big bang theory-

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At one time the entire universe was confined to a hot dense super massive ball. Then about 13.7 billion years ago, a violent explosion occurred hurling material in all directions

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Hubble's law

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objects observed in deep space are found to have doppler shift

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Redshift

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Galaxies that are moving away from earth appeared. There Red due to the change of wavelength

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Cosmic Microwave background radiation-

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These are microwaves which were emitted after the big bang these show up approximately 200 million years after, can still be seen using specialized equipment

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Nebular Theory

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1st Spinning cloud of dust 2nd Core grew under the influence of gravity 3rd Material fell toward the growing core the cloud increased with speed 4th it was flattened into a disk 5th All of this formed our sun in the center

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Universal gravitation

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formed our solar system by using the force of gravity to pull all of the material together into making planets

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Planetesimals planets

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planets that began as solids bits of matter which collided and clumped together. These solar body exerted a gravitational pull enough to pull large bits of matter together This resulted in larger planetesimals planets

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protoplanets

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protoplanets large bodies of matter orbiting around the sun eventually forming into a planet

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inner planets

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Terrestrial Planets these planets formed mostly of metal and rocks and are the first 4 planets Mercury venus, earth and mars

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Outer planets

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Jovian planets- which are planets retained of large amounts of hydrogen and helium these planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune

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Comets

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Nicknamed the dirty snowballs they are pieces of rocky and metallic materials held together by frozen water, Ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide

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meteoroids

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travel beyond earth's atmosphere

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meteor

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term given to a meteoroid that enters Earth's atmosphere

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Meteorites

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a term used to describe an asteroid or meteoroid which has reached earth's surface

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Asteroids

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small rocky bodies that orbit the sun every 3-6 years

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The Fusion Process-

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t powers the sun and the stars. It is the reaction in which two atoms combine together or fuse and convert hydrogen into energy

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Kepler's 3 laws of planetary motion

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The path of a planet around the sun is an ellipse with the sun at one focus, and the other focus at the opposite end Each planet revolves so that an imaginary line connecting it to the sun sweeps over equal areas in equal time intervals The planet's orbital period squared is proportional to the cube of its mean to the distance to the sun

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Rocks and minerals properties

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The properties of rocks are Hardness, Cleavage, Luster, Color, Streak, and TextureThe Properties of minerals are color, Hardness, Luster, Crystal form, cleavage, fracture, density, and streak Rocks and minerals are different because a rock is made up of two or more minerals

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Rock Cycle

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Igneous Rock get weathered and eroded into sediment Sediment gets compacted and cemented into sedimentary Sedimentary Rock gets heat and pressure and converts to metamorphic Rock Metamorphic Rock Melts into magma Magma cools into igneous rock

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how we use rocks and minerals

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Energy Jewelry

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Chemical and mechanical (physical) weathering and Erosion

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Chemical is it occurs when acids interact with rocks/minerals Mechanical This occurs when physical forces break rock into smaller pieces without changing the rock's composition

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some of the types of Chemical and mechanical Weathering

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Biological Activity Frost wedging- When water freezes and thaws it enlarges cracks. After many freeze and thaw cycles the rock begins to break into pieces Talus- a pile of rocks that forms at the base of a steep rock cliff Unloading- the removal of overline weight in the form of a rock or ice Exfoliation when the underlying rock reaches the surface the slab of the outer rock

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Soil Formation Factors

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Parent Material- a unconsolidated and mostly unweathered mineral or organic matter from which soil develops Slope- The Relief of the land Climate- Two most important factors of climate is Temperature and Precipitation Organisms- three types Plants, Burrowing animals, and microorganisms Time- takes approximately 100 years to form 1 inch of topsoil

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Difference in Renewable and nonrenewable Resources

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Nonrenewable ex oil, takes a very long time to be replenished while Renewable like a tree it takes not as long to be replenished

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Three main areas of natural resources: Land, water and the atmosphere you should know the following

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land resources- Plant regrowth water processes- Saltwater 96.5% oceans, seas, saline water 0.9%groundwater 2.5% fresh water atmosphere processes- Nitrogen Cycle, Phosphorus Cycle, Sulfur cycle, and Hydrologic cycle Humans are affected by atmosphere by Weather and temperature and the atmosphere acts like a blanket Humans are affected by land resources Mass wastings, Volcanos and earthquakes, MineralsHumans are affected by water- it makes us build communities accessible to it it causes wars and is the #1 most valuable resource in the WORLDWe alter the atmosphere cycle by releasing gasses into the atmosphere We alter the geologic process by landfills, Reservoirs and dams, Removal of trees and forests, mining, and construction The global effects of human activity in our atmosphere is Greenhouse gasses, Glaciers are retreating, Sea Levels are rising, surface temperatures are increasing Global effects of human activity on land are co2 emissions, weathering and erosion, Soil pollution, water Global effects of the water cycle is sea level rising, weather patterns change

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Difference between relative dating and absolute dating

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Absolute dating using radiocarbon to date while relative dating uses the surrounding geology to date

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. Laws and principle that geologist use to date earth

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Law of superposition Cross-cutting relationships types of unconformities Principle of horizontally

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Layers of the Earth

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inner core outer core mantle crust