Earth And Sci

Front 1

it is a scientifc theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of earth’s subterranean movements

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Plate Tectonics

Front 2

sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through earth’s rocks

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Earthquake

Front 3

these are extreme natural events that can cause loss of life, extreme damage to property and disrupt human activities

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Natural Hazards

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any type of physical phenomenon associated with an earthquake that may cause adverse damage or adverse efects of normal day to day activities of people

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EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

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Primary Earthquake Hazards

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Ground Shaking, Landslides, Liquifaction, Surface Rupture

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breaking of surface along the fault

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SURFACE RUPTURE

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the ground motion as they pass through the area

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GROUND SHAKING

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downward sliding of a dry mass of the earth either from mountains or cliffs

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LANDSLIDES

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earthquake motion can turn loosely packed, water saturatedsoil to liquid

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LIQUIFACTION

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Secondary Earthquake Hazards

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Tsunami, Seiche, Fires, Flooding

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is a giant wave or series of waves created by an undersea earthquake, volcanic eruption or landslide

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TSUNAMIS

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(rivers, reservoirs, ponds and lakes) direct contrast from tsunamis, giant sea waves created by the sudden uplift of the sea foor often following an undersea earthquake

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SEICHE

Front 13

can result from broken dams and levees on rivers

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FLOODING

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can cause release of fammable gases/liquids/combustible materials due to movement. Broken electrical and gas lines

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FIRES

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is when lava and gas released from a volcano

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VOLCANIC ERUPTION

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it is the movement of rock, earth or debris down a sloped section land

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LANDSLIDE

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Causes of Landslide

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Earth or rock might be weak or fractured, Strength and stiffness of the layers, Structure of the land, Human activities

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Human activities that cause landslide

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Removal of vegetation, Interference with, or changes to the natural drainage, Leaking pipes such as water and sewer, Modification of slopes by construction of roads, railways, buildings, subdivisions, Overloading slopes, Mining and quarrying activities, Vibration from heavy traffic, blasting during road constructions of nearby mining activities, Excavation of rocks

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What causes Volcanic Eruption

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Increase pressure in the lid, Found in the boundaries of the Earth’s tectonic plates, Presence of magma

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Landslide Hazards

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Fatalities, Damage and blockage to roads, Damage to infrastructures

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Volcanic Eruption Hazards

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Lava flows, Heavy ash fall, Pyroclastic mixtures of hot gas and ash, Pumice falls and release of toxic gases

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these are processes of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature that may cause the loss of life, injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation.

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Hydrometeorological processes/phenomena

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prolonged dry period in the natural climate cycle that can occur anywhere in the world.

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DROUGHT

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also called typhoon or hurricane, an intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans and is characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds and heavy rain.

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TROPICAL CYCLONES

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is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry.

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FLOOD

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a small-diameter column of violently rotating air developed within a convective cloud and in contact with the ground

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TORNADO

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uncontrolled burns in the wildland vegetation, often in rural areas

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WILD FIRE

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a violent short-lived weather disturbance that is almost always associated with lightning, thunder, dense clouds, heavy rain and strong gusty winds

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THUNDERSTORMS

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Hydrometeorological Hazards

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FATALITIES, DAMAGE TO PROPERTY, DISRUPT WATER PURIFICATION AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS, AGRO-ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE, DISRUPT TO SOCIAL-ECONOMIC LIFE

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activities or events or happening in the marine environment. These are driven by the different environmental factors such as atmospheric pressure, temperature, movement of the Earth, moon and other changes in ocean.

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COASTAL PROCESS

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these are caused by the gravitational pull between the moon and Earth

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Tides

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they are formed by the wind and storm in the ocean. Movement of air masses in the coastal environment

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Waves

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this is caused by the melting of glaciers and iceberg

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Sea Level Rise

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it refers to the motion of the outermost shell of the Earth

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Crustal Movements

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the rising of the seawater due to the atmospheric conditions

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Storm Surge

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Coastal Hazards

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Coastal Erosion, Submersion, Salt Water intrusion

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Are physical phenomena that expose the marine environment to risk if property damage, loss of life and ecological degradation.

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Coastal Hazards

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(or shoreline retreat) is the loss of coastal lands due to the net removal of sediments or bedrock from the shoreline. Common phrase referring to the loss of subaerial landmass into a sea or lake due to natural processes such as waves, winds and tides, or even due to human interference.

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Coastal Erosion

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occurs very quickly, a period of days to weeks

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rapid-onset hazards

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occurring over many years, or decades to centuries

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slow-onset hazards

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happens when waves pick up beach material and hurl them at the base of a cliff - scraping away of a rock by the action on it of rock fragments moved by wind or water.

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Corrasion

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occurs as breaking waves which contain sand and larger fragments erode the shoreline or headland. It is commonly known as the sand paper effect.

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Abrasion

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When waves hit the base of a cliff air is compressed into cracks. When the wave retreats the air rushes out of the gap. Often this causes cliff material to break away. This process is known as ______.

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Hydraulic Action

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is when waves cause rocks and pebbles to bump into each other and break up.

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Attrition

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is when certain types of cliff erode as a result of weak acids in the sea.

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Corrosion/Solution

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Main Processes of Coastal Erosion

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Corrosion, Attrition, Hydraulic Action, Abrasion, Corrasion

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Ways to Reduce Coastal Erosion

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Development of infrastructures, Beach dewatering, Artificial seaweeds, Ban of mining activities near coasts, Plant cover and vegetation

Front 48

is the sustainable cyclic portion of coastal erosion where coastal sediments move from the visible portion of a beach to the submerged nearshore region, and later return to the original visible portion of the beach. The recovery portion of the sustainable cycle of sediment behavior is (accretion)

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Submersion

Front 49

is the movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers, which can lead to groundwater quality degradation, including drinking water sources, and other consequences. Saltwater intrusion can naturally occur in coastal aquifers, owing to the hydraulic connection between groundwater and seawater. Because saline water has a higher mineral content than freshwater, it is denser and has a higher water pressure. As a result, saltwater can push inland beneath the freshwater.

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Saltwater Intrusion

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Methods to Help in Dealing with Saltwater Intrusion

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Monitoring and assessment, Regulations from governing units, Artificial recharges, Barriers

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Coastal Protection

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Seawalls and bulkheads, Groynes and jetties, Breakwaters, Beach nourishment, Sandbags