Early Childhood Development/education Vocabulary

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Socio-emotional development

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Combination of skills we learn that enables us to interact appropriately with individuals or groups. Social - external manner in which we interact with others

Emotional - internal emotions we learn to understand and control

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Emotional development

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Ability to express feelings, form relationships and develop feelings towards others, develop self image and identity, and become an independent person

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Social development

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Learning the skills and attitudes which enable individuals to live easily with other members of their community by observing codes of acceptable behaviors and customs

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Social roles and behavior

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Learning appropriate, acceptable behavior from positive role models, playing approved social roles, developing appropriate social attitudes

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Social skills

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Sharing, taking turns, accepting rules, communicating effectively with others, being independent

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Types of social play

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Solitary, parallel, associative, and cooperative

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Solitary play

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Playing alone

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Parallel play

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Playing alongside other children but not with them

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Associative play

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Using same toys and equipment but playing alone

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Cooperative play

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Sharing toys and ideas while playing together

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Self esteem

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self value, valuing yourself as a person

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Self confidence

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Knowing you can cope easily with different people and situations

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Self reliance

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A desire to be independent

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Positive self image

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Seeing yourself as a worthwhile person

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Assessment

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Process of collecting information about children's development, learning, behavior, and academic need for special services, attainment of grade level goals, and achievement in order to make informed decisions about how to best educate them.

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Developmentally appropriate assessments

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Consider factors such as age, development, English speaking ability, cultural, and linguistic background

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Formative assessment

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Ongoing process of gathering data on students over school year. Incorporated into classroom practice, instructional process, and informs how to adjust teaching practice to encourage student achievement.

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Informal assessment

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Any assessment that uses methods other than standardized testing to obtain judgement on student's learning behavior, characteristics, and suggested programs. Also known as informal, formative, and authentic assessment. Considered most authentic way to evaluate child.

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Authentic assessment

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Relies heavily on informal procedures such as observation checklists and portfolios

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Informal screening

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When a group of professionals gather information to make decisions about small group placements, instructional levels, ect.

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Performance based assessment

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Part of authentic assessment, demonstrates what children know and are able to do. Useful for children from diverse or disabled backgrounds.

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Observation

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Intentional, systematic act of looking at behavior of child in particular setting, program, or situation

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Excellent methods of authentic assessment

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Anecdotal records, running records, event sampling, time sampling, rating scales, and checklists

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Anecdotal record

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Brief written word of student behavior, recording only what teacher sees or hears, not what is inferred.

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Running record

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Detailed narrative of child's behavior that focuses on sequence of events that occurs over period of time. Includes factual information and teachers inferences.

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Event sampling

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Form of assessment that systematically observed a specific behavior during a particular period of time based on ABC model

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ABC model

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A - antecedent - precursor to behavior

B - behavior being assessed

C - consequence - result of behavior

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Time sampling

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Authentic means to assess children that involves focusing on particular behavior over continuous period of time.

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Rating scale

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Numeric scales that contains list of descriptors for set of behaviors or goals

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Checklist

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List of behaviors identifying skills and knowledge

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Work sample or student artifact

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Example of children's work that demonstrates what they know and are able to do. Such examples can be used as evidence to assess student abilities. Can be physical or electronic.

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Performance assessment

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Ongoing process of gathering information about student's during learning and teaching. Also called informal assessment, authentic assessment, formative assessment

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Portfolio

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Compilation of children's work samples, products, and teacher observations collected over time

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Interview

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Common way that observers and researchers engage children in discussion through questions to obtain information

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Bloom's Taxomony

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Classification of three domains: affective, psychometer, and cognitive. Within taxomony, mastering a higher level of skill is dependent on having mastered foundational lower levels of skills

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Rubric

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Scoring guide that differentiates among levels of performance

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Cognitive development

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Construction of thought processes, from childhood to adulthood, including remembering, problem solving, and decision making

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Stanford Binet Intelligence Quotient Test

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First adapted by United States in 1916 by French model from 1905 by Psychologist Lewis Terman. Based on concept of "mental age" with gifted children testing above average score and behind students testing below.

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Jean Piget

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1896 - 1980. Based theory of decades of observation of children in natural setting instead of laboratory. Six stages of development:

Sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational

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High quality early childhood education programs

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Should help children achieve early academic and school success, provide inclusion of early literacy and reading readiness programs, should provide learning environments that meet needs of children, and promote the national good.

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Achievement gap

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Differences in school achievement between children of different socioeconomic and social groups

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Benefits of investing in early childhood programs

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Contributes positively to today's workforce, high returns on investment in that children that go through quality program require fewer resources in school and as adults draw on fewer social services, pay more taxes

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Model early childhood program

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An exemplary approach to early childhood education that serves as a guide to best practices

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Models

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Guides that provide us with instructions, ideas, and examples

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Name of model programs

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Montessori, Head Start, Early Head Start, Knowledge Learning Corporation

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Montessori appeal to parents

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Montessori education identified as high quality. Parents like orderliness, independence, self-directed learning, and child-centered learning process

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Five basic principles of Montessori

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Respect, absorbent mind, sensitive periods, prepared environment, practical life skills

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Respect

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Cornerstone on which all other Montessori principles lie.

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Absorbent mind

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Idea that minds of young children are receptive to and capable of learning. The child learns unconsciously by taking in information from the environment.

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Sensitive periods

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Relatively brief times during which learning is most likely to occur. Also called critical periods.

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Prepared environment

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Classroom or other space that is arranged and organized to support learning in general and/or to support special knowledge and skills.

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Freedom

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Essential to characteristics of prepared environment. Children are free to explore materials of own choosing, and absorb what they find.

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Materials of prepared environment

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Practical life or motor education, sensory materials, academic materials

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Practical life skills

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Montessori activities that teach skills related to everyday living such as learning self-care, proper greetings, and walking in orderly manner.

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Sensory materials

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Leaning materials designed to promote learning through senses and to train the senses for learning.

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Academic materials

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Presented in sequence that encourages writing before reading.

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Auto-education

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Idea that children teach themselves through appropriate materials and activities.

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Teacher role in Montesori

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Make children center of learning, encourage children to learn by providing freedom, observe children to recognize sensitive periods, introduce learning materials, prepare learning environment and keep in orderly format, respect each child and their work.

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Contemporary practices in Montessori

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Integrated curriculum of science, math, geography, writing, reading, and the arts. Active learning, individualized instruction, independence, appropriate assessment, developmentally appropriate practice

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Individualized instruction

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Allows children to proceed at own rate of mastery

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Independence

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Emphasis for respect for children and promotes success

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Developmentally appropriate practice

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Emphasis on uniqueness of each child and importance of independent learning

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Appropriate assessment

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Observation is primary means of assessing children's progress, achievement, and behavior

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Active learning

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Involvement of children with materials, activities, and projects in order to learn concepts, knowledge, and skills

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Basis of Ecological Theory

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Children develop within a system of relationships that form their environment.

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Five interrelating environmental systems

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Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem

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Microsystem

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Environment that children spend a lot of time in such as their home, neighborhood, religious group, school, ect.

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Mesosystem

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Links or interactions between systems

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Exosystem

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Environment or setting in which children don't play an active role but are affected by such as a school board, or the parent's workplace.

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Macrosystem

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Broader culture in which children live. Includes government structure, individual freedoms, religious freedom. (Culture, values of society, ideas of gender, funding for schools)

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Chronosystem

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Environmental contexts and events that influences children over their lifetimes such as living in technological age.

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Socioeconomic status

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Three variables related but not completely overlapping. Years of education, prestige of job and skills required, and income.

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Erik Erikson

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Psychosocial Theory

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Lev Vygotsky

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Sociocultural Theory

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Howard Gardner

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Multiple Intelligences Theory

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Urie Bronfenbrenner

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Ecological Theory

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Multiple Intelligences Theory

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Nine different intelligences: spatial, linguistic, logical, kinesthetic, rhythmic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalist, existential

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Sociocultural Theory

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Focus on culture passing from generation to generation. Depend on adults for assistance to learn skills too difficult to learn alone.

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Psychosocial Theory

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Eight stages with either positive or negative outcomes. First major theory to add in two extra stages of adulthood to Frued's theory. Emphasis on culture and situation.