E2: Anatomy/histology Of Hypothalamus, Pituitary, And Pineal Gland, Cole

Front 1

general microscopic features of the endocrine organs

Back 1

secretory cells arranged as cords, clumps, or follicles in direct contact w/ capillaries or sinusoids

Front 2

gland that is seen as the focal connection between the nervous and endocrine systems

Back 2

pituitary (hypophysis)

Front 3

location of the pituitary gland

Back 3

suspended by a stalk from the hypothalamus, it rests in the sella turcica of the sphenoid, behind the optic chiasm

Front 4

two parts of the pituitary (fancy names, too)

Back 4

anterior: adenohypophysis

posterior: neurohypophysis

Front 5

upward evagination (Rathke's pouch) of ectoderm lining the primitive oral cavity

what are it's three parts?

Back 5

adenohypophysis

pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia

Front 6

superior extension of the anterior pituitary

Back 6

pars tuberalis

Front 7

downgrowth of neural ectoderm of the hypothalamus

what are it's two parts?

Back 7

neurohypophysis

pars nervosa, infundibulum

Front 8

stalk of the pituitary that is continuous w/ the median eminence

what does it carry?

Back 8

infundibulum

axons from the hypothalamus to the pars nervosa, portal veins, and primary capillary plexus

Front 9

arteries that supply the pituitary

Back 9

superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries

Front 10

the superior hypophyseal arteries form the ___ in the infundibulum and median eminence

Back 10

primary capillary plexus

Front 11

the inferior hypophyseal arteries primarily supply the ___

Back 11

pars nervosa

Front 12

what is the hypophyseal portal system?

Back 12

a venous portal system from the primary capillary plexus to the fenestrated secondary capillary plexus in the anterior lobe

Front 13

most of the blood from the pituitary drains into the ___

Back 13

cavernous sinus

Front 14

5 cell types of the adenohypophysis

Back 14

somatotrophs
lactotrophs
gonadotrophs
thyrotrophs
corticotrophs

Front 15

the two acidophilic cell types of the adenohypophysis

Back 15

somatotrophs and lactotrophs

Front 16

3 basophilic cell types of the pars distalis

Back 16

gonadotrophs, thyrotrophs, and corticotrophs

Front 17

hormone secreted by the somatotrophs

main physiologic activity?

hypothalamic releasing hormone?

inhibiting agents?

Back 17

growth hormone (somatotropin)

promotes overall growth of bone/soft tissue through IGF-1

somatotropin releasing hormone, ghrelin

somatostatin

Front 18

hormone secreted by lactotrophs

main physiologic activity?

hypothalamic releasing hormone?

inhibiting agent?

Back 18

prolactin

initiation and maintenance of lactation

PRH, VIP

dopamine

Front 19

hormones secreted by gonadotrophs

main physiologic activities?

hypothalamic releasing hormone?

Back 19

FSH & LH

FSH: follicle development, estrogen secretion, spermatogenesis
LH: follicle maturation/progesterone secretion, testosterone secretion

GnRH

Front 20

hormone secreted by thyrotrophs

hypothalamic releasing hormone?

Back 20

TSH

TRH

Front 21

hormone secreted by corticotrophs

main physiologic activity?

hypothalamic releasing hormone?

Back 21

ACTH

stimulates adrenal cortex hormones

CRH

Front 22

three types of cells of the pars distalis, based on staining properties

Back 22

acidophils
basophils
chromophobes

Front 23

prohormone synthesized in the pars intermedia

Back 23

proopiomelanocortin

(melanocyte stimulating hormone, function unknown)

Front 24

pars tuberalis endocrine cells are primarily ___

Back 24

gonadotrophs

Front 25

site of storage and release of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Back 25

pars nervosa (no secretory cells)

Front 26

functions of oxytocin

Back 26

stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle during birth and ejection of milk from mammilary ducts

Front 27

hypothalamic nuclei that produce oxytocin

ADH?

Back 27

paraventricular nuclei

supraoptic nuclei

Front 28

carrier protein of the hypothalamohypophyseal tract

Back 28

neurophysin

Front 29

large fusiform swellings filled with secretory product in the pars nervosa

formed from axonal endings

Back 29

Herring bodies

Front 30

glial-like cells of the pars nervosa

Back 30

pituicytes

Front 31

location of the pineal gland

Back 31

posterior extremity of the third ventricle, attached by the pineal stalk to the diencephalon

Front 32

what do pinealocytes secrete?

Back 32

melatonin

Front 33

functions of melatonin

Back 33

establishment of circadian rhythms
antigonadotropic effects (delay onset of sexual maturity until puberty)
possible anti-oxidant properties in CNS

Front 34

a pineal lesion is likely to result in ___

Back 34

precocious or delayed sexual maturity or possibly hydrocephalus

Front 35

characteristic histological appearance of the pineal gland

Back 35

corpora arenacea (brain sand)