E-H Terms

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-Wrote the OdysseyLife as a quest and journey of discovery.

-Life is full of trials and tribulations

-The journey is as important as the destination

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Homer

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-Dialectic conversations - truth through discourse (reasoned arguements)

-Character and virtue result from knowledge

-Through reason, one finds fulfillment and the meaning of life"know thyself"

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Socrates

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-Concept of EIDOS - transcendent essence of nature in it's ideal state

-Search for truth, beauty and virtue as ends to themselves.

-All knowledge is innate and can only be obtained through introspection

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Plato

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-Wrote extensively on empirical approach to the natural sciences and the role of inner reflection/philosophy for studying the human soul and its attributes

-Vegetative soul (plants)

-Sensitive soul (animals)

-Rational soul (humans)

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Aristotle

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-Danish philosopher/father of modern existentialism.

-Criticized the lack of passion and the conformity of the 19th century christendom.

-Argued human beings needed to turn toward their own subjective truths, and make a personal leap of faith toward god

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Kierkegaard

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-German philosopher.

-Attacked the slavish, herd mentality of conventional Christianity and preached an atheistic gospel of aspiration toward the ubermensch: the autonomous superman who creates his or her own values and morality and lives an earthly life of passion and power

-emphasis on individual over the influences of society.

-Christianity as a "distortion of humanity"-two aspects of nature: Apollonian & Dionsyian

-Convictions are more dangerous to truth then lies

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Nietzsche

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Jewish philospher/theologian"I - thou" "I-it"

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Martin Buber

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-German psychiatrist turned philospher. "boundary situations" that humans face

-emphasized the subjective and phenomenological approach to working with patients

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Jaspers

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-Forerunner of phenomenological movement.

-First introduced phenomenolofical inspection (how to turn your eyes inward, understanding your own experience

-Forerunner of intentionality

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Brentano

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-Offered a clear articulation of phenomenology for philosophy and psychology

-Focus on the description of the immediate experiences of phenomena

-towardness/connectedness are the key ideas in intentionality

-Rejected the platonian and cartesian idea of an external reality that humans re create through mental representations of it.

-Humans co create reality because they interact with it

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Husserl

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-Danish philosopher/theologian

-The beginning of existentialism

-Existence of each human being is completely unique

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Kierkegaard

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-German philosopher

-Combined Husserl's phenomenology with existentialism

-Used phenomenology to study human existence

-Coined "Dasein"

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Heidegger

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French philosopher who used phenomenology to study the structure of behavior

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Maurce Merleau Ponty

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German theologian

distinguished existential anxiety from neurotic anxiety

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Tillich

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French philosopher who focused on the hopeful nature of an existence that could not be totally understood

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Marcel

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French philosopher, emphasized freedom, aloneness, and existential anxiety

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Sartre

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Wrote on creating meaning in an essentially meaningless world

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Camus

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-Father of Daseinanalysis

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Binswagger

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-Spokesperson for Daseinanalysis, applied it to health as well as pathology

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Medard Boss

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-Applied existential concepts to the treatment of the severely mentally ill

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Ronald Laing

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Father of existential therapy in US

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Rollo May

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Forerunner of the transpersonal psychology movement

Power of spiritul experiences

Humans on numerous planes

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Carl Jung

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Formulate a "psychology of the will"

Focus on human self-creativity

saw humans as theological beings

Championed the existential and humanistic concepts of self-awareness, choice and responsibility

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Otto Rank

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Saw human behavior as purposeful, future oriented, and socially embedded.

anticipated many humanistic values

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Alfred Adler

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Thestudy of one’s self-awareness, one’s consciousness. Itis the study of structures of consciousness as experienced from thefirst-person point of view.

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Phenomenology

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Experience directed toward someone/something (I(verb) towards something/someone). Experience and externality are alwaysconnected.

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Intentionality

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Weshare many essences, but our existence in itself is unique. Logical outcome ofphenomenology and subjective reality. There is a dynamic tension betweenindividualism and connectedness to others. Dynamic tension between uniquenessof each person (ontical concerns) and universal features of all people(ontological concerns).

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Uniquenessof Each Individual

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The notion ofreality only as we interpret it. Presently seen in social constructivist viewsand post modern philosophy. There are no absolutely truths. All realities aresocially constructed. We observe and perceive through our senses and cannot separateourselves from our perception to determine objective reality.

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Subjective Reality

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Believeall can be explained in terms of physical entities – objective events observedthrough the senses (positivism).

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Materialists

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allcan be explained in terms of ideas and mentations – we’ll never know if thereis an objective reality or not because we cannot separate it from perception.

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Idealists

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Truthemerges from discourse of opposites. No objective truth exists, only movementfrom one extreme to another.

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Discourse and Dialects

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Limitationsto freedom – we were thrown into our existence – we did not have a choice aboutour existence.

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Faciticty/Throwness

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The“perceived” capacity for choice within the natural and self-imposed limitationsof living. We are active agents inmaking the things that happen to us. We choose how to react and what to do etc.

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Freedom

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the philosophicdoctrine that states for everything that ever happens, there are conditionssuch that given them, nothing else could happen.

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Determinism

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a failure tofulfill one’s potential. By failing to do something for yourself you arepreventing yourself from self-actualizing. Freedom comes with responsibility. Responsibility takes intoaccount that as humans we are intentional beings. We do things for presumed reasons. We are responsible for our identity – we areour choices.

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Guilt

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professionalteachers of logic and rhetoric – truth was seen as relative, so many truths canexist. Truth depends on the perceiver. – we create the truth

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Sophists

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o A philosophical approach that called for the useof reason and self-reflection as the path to a valued life

o Stoic values include self-examination,self-discipline, and self-determination

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Stoicism

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Inevitable consequence of human freedom and responsibility

o Choice as exclusionary

o Choice impacting others

o Choice is authority free

o The limits of freedom create angst.

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Anxiety