Dysphagia Midterm - Valves

Front 1

Valve 1

Back 1

LIPS

Front 2

Valve 2

Back 2

TONGUE

Front 3

Valve 3

Back 3

GLOSSOPALATAL VALVE

Front 4

Valve 4

Back 4

VELOPHARYNGEAL PORT

Front 5

Valve 5

Back 5

LARYNX

Front 6

Valve 6

Back 6

CRICOPHARYNGEAL VALVE or UPPER ESOPHOGEAL SPHINCTER

Front 7

Valve 1: LIPS

Back 7

Obicularis oris is needed to close around a spoon, fork, cup or straw to capture food and liquid in the oral cavity, preventing anterior spillage.

Lip closure is maintained through the oropharyngeal stages of the swallow.

Labial closure permits mastication without loss of food from the mouth and the generation of pressure in the oral cavity to propel the bolus posteriorly during the oral transit stage.

Front 8

Valve 2: TONGUE

Back 8

Most mobile valve in the upper digestive tract.

Involved in very different ways in the oral prep, oral transit, and pharyngeal phases of the swallow.

The tongue is composed almost entirely of muscle fibers going in all directions within the tongue.

Front 9

Valve 3: GLOSSOPALATAL VALVE

Back 9

Soft palate contact to base of tongue.

Valve operates while holding or gently manipulating a bolus just before oral transit.

Prevent premature spillage into the pharynx and widens the nasal airway to ensure nasal breathing.

Not operative during active mastication, so spillage into valleculae during mastication is normal.

Front 10

Valve 4: VELOPHARYNGEAL PORT

Back 10

Closes during the swallow to prevent the entry of food or liquid into the nasal cavity (nasal regurgitation).

It is accomplished using velar elevation and retraction in combination with the anterior movement of the posterior pharyngeal wall and the medial movement of the lateral pharyngeal walls.

Front 11

Valve 5: LARYNX

Back 11

Closes at different levels during the swallow to prevent the entry of food/liquid into the airway:
True vocal folds close
False vocal folds close
Anterior tilting of the arytenoid cartilages to contact the base of the epiglottis and close the laryngeal entrance.
The epiglottis inverts to cover the top of the airway.
**The airway closes as the larynx achieves approximately 50% of its elevation.

Front 12

Valve 6: CRICOPHARYNGEAL VALVE or UPPER ESPOHAGEAL SPHINCTER

Back 12

Prevents the entry of air into the esophagus during respiration.

Allows the bolus to enter the esophagus during the swallow and immediately closes to prevent backflow into the pyriform sinuses.