Dysphagia Chapter 1 - Hall

Front 1

at birth the capacity of an infant's stomach is

Back 1

1 ounce

Front 2

1st branchial arch is mandibular and has to do with which nerve

Back 2

trigeminal

Front 3

2nd branchial arch is hyoid and has to do with which nerve

Back 3

facial

Front 4

in the embryo, the 12 cranial nerves are present at:

Back 4

5-6 weeks

Front 5

when does the hard/soft palate fuse?

Back 5

12 weeks

Front 6

what two things happen during weeks 13-16

Back 6

1. body length doubles
2 pharyngeal swallow begins

Front 7

what 3 things happen in weeks 17-20

Back 7

1. pharyngeal swallow strengthens
2 fetus swallows 50% of amniotic fluid
3 suckling begins

Front 8

weeks 21-25 what happens?

Back 8

1. fetus may survive outside uterus
2. upper and lower respiratory development

Front 9

weeks 26-29 what happens?

Back 9

1 primitive reflexes begin
2 lungs may be capable of breathing air with difficulty

Front 10

weeks 30-33...

Back 10

premature infant is still unable to suck, swallow, breathe in coordinated way

Front 11

weeks 34-36

Back 11

1 premature infants can be breast or bottle fed
2 most infants can sustain nutrition orally

Front 12

weeks 37-40, what is average weight and length at birth?

Back 12

7 lbs, 19 inches

Front 13

what is most compromised in premature infants

Back 13

respiration

Front 14

infant stages of alertness go from 1. deep sleep to

Back 14

7. crying

Front 15

what is best stage to feed infant?

Back 15

4. quiet/alert

Front 16

what things can you do to have infant respond better to feeding?

Back 16

change enviroment
use blankets for support
give infant a time-out
swaddle/contain limbs
support hands/feet
use gentle/slow movements
offer one mode of stimulation

Front 17

what are some disorders taht can affect the GI tract in children?

Back 17

reflux
malabsorption disorders
necrotizing enterocolitis

Front 18

at what age does the brain reach 90% of its volume?

Back 18

10 years

Front 19

at birth the hard palage and larynx are how large?

Back 19

1 inch

Front 20

in an infant the soft palate touches the

Back 20

epiglottis

Front 21

at birth the trachea is located at

Back 21

C6

Front 22

facial area grows _________ than cranium after age 1

Back 22

faster

Front 23

higher placed larynx helps protect airway; when does this protection disappear?

Back 23

24 months

Front 24

5 ways respiration can be reduced as it relates to swallowing

Back 24

1. reduced patency of pharyngeal airway
2 hypopharyngeal compression caused by position of anatomic structures
3 normal physiologic neck flexion
4 mandibular excursion that recuces pharyngeal cavity
5 small laryngeal vestibule

Front 25

belly breathing is abnormal after

Back 25

6 months

Front 26

why is trach tube good for infants who need support for breathing?

Back 26

because there is not enough space for intubation between the vocal folds and trach guarantees airway

Front 27

last efforts for children who are at risk for death because of aspiration are:

Back 27

1 epiglottic pull-down
2 laryngeal bypass
3 total laryngectomy (not reversible)

Front 28

In suckling:

Back 28

-birth-6 months
-loose lips, reduced seal, tongue seals nipple
-wide mandibular excursions
-tongue moves in and out

Front 29

in sucking:

Back 29

-6-9 months and on
-tight lip seal, reduced tongue seal
-reduced mandibular excursion
-tongue moves up and down
-more sophisticated

Front 30

in sucking:

Back 30

-6-9 months and on
-tight lip seal, reduced tongue seal
-reduced mandibular excursion
-tongue moves up and down
-more sophisticated

Front 31

oral feedings are not recommended in premature infants until they weigh:

Back 31

at least 1500 grams

Front 32

santmyer swallow reflex is:

Back 32

puff of air onto the infant's face and is used to aid the insertion of nasogastric tubes, force a swallowing during behavioral feeding therapy, and help during videofluoroscopic evaluations of swallowing

Front 33

Swallowing requires:

Back 33

-large area of brain stem
-six cranial nerves
-large number of sensory receptors
-thirty-one pairs of muscles

Front 34

sensory input for swallowing is from cranial nerves:

Back 34

5,7,9,10

Front 35

motor output for swallowing is from cranial nerves:

Back 35

5,7,9,10,12

Front 36

1 cc=

Back 36

1 ml

Front 37

t tsp=

Back 37

5 ml

Front 38

1 tbsp =

Back 38

15 ml

Front 39

1 oz =

Back 39

30 ml

Front 40

commercial infant formulas generally carry ___ calories/ounce instead of standard 20 calories/ounce

Back 40

24 ounces (more concentrated)

Front 41

if an infant does not demonstrate a normal non-nutritive suck, he or she .....

Back 41

will NOT exhibit a normal nutritive suck and is NOT ready for oral feedings

Front 42

Some indications of poor tolerance to high calorie load are :

Back 42

1. presence of sugar or fat in the stool
2 high urine-specific gravity
3 vomiting
4 diarrhea

Front 43

good general suggestions for feeding include:

Back 43

-include at least one food the child likes
-consider the texture and preferences child has
-offer high calorie snacks but limit those that are high in fat (they decrease appetite)
-serve food at regular times each day
-offer young children 4-6 meals/snacks every 2-4 hours

Front 44

which enteral type of tubes are used for long-term feeding problems?

Back 44

-nasoduodenal and nasojejunal tubes

Front 45

apnea and bradycardia monitor:

Back 45

-monitors breathing and heart rate and will monitor staff with an alarm

Apnea: cessation of breathing that lasts longer than 20 seconds

Bradycardia: when heart rate drops below 80 beats per minute

Front 46

what does a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) do?

Back 46

-administration of oxygen and air under pressure through short tubes placed in the nose; improves oxygenation

Front 47

positive end expiration pressure (PEEP)

Back 47

machine to maintain constant pressure to the alveoli, keep alveoli open at all times, and promote gas exchange (SIMILAR TO CPAP BUT MORE PRESSURE TO LUNGS)

Front 48

pulse oximeter is a...

Back 48

machine that measures the amount of saturated oxygen in the infant's blood

Front 49

respirator is AKA

Back 49

ventilator (provides respiratory support)

Front 50

what is synaction?

Back 50

belief that premature infants learn to adapt to the stresses in the environment through the interaction of physiologic, motor and behavioral processes

Front 51

Absolutely do not feed at what stage?

Back 51

Stage 1

Front 52

motor development progresses from....

Back 52

head to toe (head control before many other movements)

Front 53

at birth, average length from the 1st cervial vertebra to the fifth lumbar vertebra is

Back 53

19-20 cm (40% of the total length

Front 54

tongue movement is developed and pretty normal by

Back 54

24 months

Front 55

lungs in newborn are proportionally large in comparison to size of the

Back 55

thorax