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116 Cards in this Set

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How does this vaccine demonstrate the federal governments role in protecting health?
1. The Government was supposed to ensure universal access to the polio vaccine
2. Politics decided access should also be safe and effective
3. Lead to the Vaccination Assistance Act 1962. funding from fed gov. from states for immunization.
. NFIP, Volunteers, democrats wanted government help
But the ADMA and AMA and Pres Eisenhower did not



4. Leads to eradication campaigns 60's, 70's and 80's.

Government before just forced small pox vaccine, and restrict MJ use. now it has more of a role.
polio
Vaccination Assistance Act 1962
Funding from Fed. gov to states for immunization of unioform and nationally monitored vaccine.

This is different from Jacobson V. Madison which only held the gov responsible for distributing the drug.
polio
what is the polio Disease
1. Virus contagious infection, which attacks the nerve system and causes paralsys
2. transmitted through fecal-oral route and food and water
3. only in humans
4. More fatal in adults, most likely to cause paralaysis in chldren.
5. 3 types:
6. Once you get it, u are immune for life o
What did they know about Polio? What didn't they know
1. Knew it was a virus and contagious
2. Knew it came from immigrants
3. Knew it was Seasonal
4. Knew it effected children the most but attacked all races.
5. Paralyzed 1 in 100 victimes

DID NOT KNOW: how it spread
infections infantile paralysis
Polio's term in the 18th century. Not as prominent because humans were less clean and exposed to antibodies early on/
polio
Epidemic of 1916
In New york, 8900 sick and 27,000 nationwide. Came from the Sweden epidemic from 1885
Scientists scrambled for an idea of a cure. Thought
1. immigrants
2. Dirt- flies and bugs bringing dirt from poor virus
Began the start of polio epidemic every summer and began the use of masks.
Cleanliness became more prominent in the 1920's and there was no exposure to polio as an infant.
polio
How did the epidemics effect the community during polio?
pools clothes, medical sources were overwhelmed, communities stayed in.
Suggests a germophobia philosophy/ quarantine the cases
Refusal of tonsilechtimys or oral surgeries.
Roosevelt and Polio
At age 39, Roosevelt contracted polio in Maine and started a polio treatment in Tuskegee until 1928 when he was elected President. He was President in 1933, hid is pain cause form polio and reamine da symbol of hope. He purchased Warm Springs GA to create an integrated care polio rehabilitation study. 1934: raised 1 million on his first birthday ball . The anniversary of his death raised funds with the March of dimes
March of Dimes
Oconnor asekd toeveryone to donate a dime.
Raised 2 million dollars
No one thought of this before
Funds went to
1.Patient Care: Taking care of patients put in iron lungs ( chamber that artificially changed air pressure to pump air into heart)
2 Education
3. Polio Research
4. Prevention
polio
Basil O'Connor
Franklin Roosevelts lawyer took over Warm Springs 1929 on year before great depression- capitlzied on Roosevelt's image to rais money for the National Foundation of INfantile Paralysis
polio
Paul Dekruif
Bacterioloigst- worked at Rockkefellar and proposed idea to create Vaccine.
FAiled originally, the vaccine created from resus monkeys cause humans to have an anti- immunity effect.
Influenced by deptheria bacter
polio
Jonahs Salk
WPV Looked at polio virus in blood strea,
New-- injected
Public beleived in Salk and O'Connor's announcement, 1954 after faith in penicilin.
- Vaccine was sold to Russia
polio
Francis Field Trails
Polio medical experiment support in the NFIP in April 1954.
Referred to the patients as "polio pioneers" to promote optimism and confidence in the vaccine
1.8 Polio Pioneers, 20,000 doctors and health officer
40,000 nurses and 220,000 volunteers
It was so big because it was a hoo-hah and because Salk actually believed in, fear there would be fare adverse effects with the vaccine.
Francis at Michigan created official "Double blinded" experiment to 600,000 vaccines.
Late March of 1955- ( the 10th anniversary of Roosevelt's death)
Announced that it protected 90% of children with polio (in reality only 70%)
- Caused a panic abotu drug distribution
polio
albert sabin
1.OPV
Used Attenuated Virus in the tradition of Jenner Paster
2. Community immmunity
Oral
3. 1960- US Biologics licensed Sabin Vaccine to cuba
polio
Ovetta Culp HObby
Divisons of Biolgics: responsible for preparing vaccines for safety. 11 safe batches before vaccine could be used in trial.
INfluenced by rapid fire approval - and liscencing of vaccine - because Salk had reserved the first the 9 million for the national market.
polio
Polio Vaccination Assistance
1955
30 million to states: devise formal divided funds among states ( population: cases of polio)
Funds could be used to vaccinate childen under 20 and pregnant women
Each state would determine its own distribution and administration plan
Insised it was not socialized government-- all the gov did was give funds
leads to the Vaccination assistance Act of 1962: congress promotes funding of other vaccines
Polio Elimination
1979- only eliminated not radicated because the live weakened virus could mutate.
Why is Polio Eradication so hard?
1. cultural: fear of U.S
2. technological- opv virulence- we will have to change back to IPV eventually
3. financial gap- Gates has been putting pressure on G8 countries to finish funding for polio campaign.
Still exists in Pakistan, Nigeria, Afganistan-- muslim countries- rumour that polio workers are evil

Still resistance
Nigeria epidemic in 2003 ( killed 9 administrators) -- resistance led to a global resurgence of polio because of theories that the vaccine would sterilize community, HIV
Echoed a Taliban attack in pakistan
Polio Eradication plan in 2000s
New Dehli(india) governor distributed OPV to city when the government became polio free in 2011 and inspired WHO
Bill Gates donates lots of mulah with the plan that:
Predicted it herd immunity would interrupt transmission in 2004-2005
2005-207 certifying polio-free- regions
2006-2008 cessation of OPV turn to IPV
99% video
Gregroy Pincus
Reproductive Biologist
Ditched Harvard after they denied his tenur even after paving the way for vitro ferilization

- invited by pp to study contraceptives he was already working with djarassis norethindrone
b/c
Carl DJerassi
Chemist
Worked for Syntax, pharma in Mexico City
- 1949-1951: synthesized norethindrone, similar to progestin, from yams
n Djerassi's lab at Syntex in Mexico City that the first chemical synthesis of an oral contraceptive steroid, norethindrone, was achieved in 1951.
b/c
John Rock
A socially concervative, catholic Gyno who tought articifical contraception at Harvard
1954: beleived sexual energy and the fear of overpopulation was more powerful than atomic energy. Pro-pill for population control not woman's rights
b/c
Margaret Sanger
Sex educator, nurse, contraceptive activist
b/c
Katherine McCormick
Suffragist, sicentis, heiress, philathrapist
one of the first degrees for a woman from MIT, wanted to be a doctor
bbc
Comstock law
1873 from anthony comstock- U.S postal inspector and anti-vice activist

Illegal to send obscene, lewd, and or lascivious material through U. S mail, outlawed information about sex or reproduction. Federal law that focused interstate practices, targeted distribution of sexual reproduction, or activists.
bc
How did Margaret Sanger get started?
1944 launched No God No masters, influenced by her mother’s weakness after multiple pregances.
First wave feminism beyond seeking suffrage.
Encouraged the use of diaphrams with diagrams
opened 1950 birth control agency
bc
Buck V. Bell
1927: Karry Buck had a mental age of 9 year old, and declared that the genetically unfit could be forcibly sterilized for the protection and health of the state”. Olver holmes agreed “ three generations of imbeciles are enough”

Showed 1920's eugenics movement, to propagate good genes and not bad
b/c
U.S v. One package of Japanese Pessaries
1936
• not a supreme court, second circuit court
• part of sangers activism, she had deliberately ordered new diaphragms from Japanese, customs seized it and there was litigation
• invalidated the Comstock law’s ban, declaring that contraceptives could be sent and received through the email with a doctors permission
• 1930 court “clarification” had already allowed information to be sent and received
• 36 case capitalized on and a milestone time, last barrier to legalization of birth control and exchange
Planned Parenthood
1942: Birth control federation of America was renamed
This disassociated b/c from eugeneics and nazisms, combat venerial disease, and make responsible sexual actors.
Sanger didn't like it though because it uprooted
-bc
Population bomb
o was a 1954 pamphlet funded by hugh moore, founder of the Dixie cup
o interests of capitalists and business owners to stop the spread of communism because too many people = communists, so they supported birth control
bc
Grisworld v. Connecticut
Estelle Griswold, executive director ofPP in ct
struck down about 30 state laws which still restrict the advertising sale and use of contraceptives
articulated a constitution “right to marital privacy ” ( developed from 14th amendment 1955), married couples were premitted to make their own decision about the use of artifical birth control
b/c
Eisenstadt v. Baird
1972
• 1972
• struck down Massachusetts ban on contraceptive use, which after Griswold still restricted use to the married
• extended right of privacy to unmarried people
• had to do with a doctor named baird who distributed contraceptive devices to students in class
• concept would figure largely in the supreme courts famous decision the following year in roe v wade
Loretta lynn the pill song
b/c
1950 development of the pill
1951
1953
1953
1956
• 1951- Gregory pincus received small grant from planned parenthood to being hormonal contraceptive research
• 1953- Katharine mccormick further supported the research, personally providing about 50 times the original funding
• no government funding for that
• 1953: john rock began clinical research with some of his patients in boston
• 1956: Edris Rice-Wray led the first human contraceptive trials in PR and warned of side effects
o experiencing vomiting, nausea, cramps, reported back to john rock
bc
How did the pill address human testing?
Stresses on Informed cosentd due tot he unjust nuremberg trials( natzi war criminasl were tested without consent) around the 1960's
bc
How did the pill change industries pharmaceutical policy and practice?
- Though before it was daily, long term doses
- The use de-linked form disease
-Taking drugs on a daily basis will change the way pharmaceutical policy is developed.
bc
How was Margaret Sangers 1970’s view of the pill differ from 1960’s view?
1960’s Sanger promoted the pill as power to control their own body and reproductive rights.
2. Article reading for todayWoman mocks the advice that magazines were giving 1960’s women in order to put to please husband.
Reverses the roles of men and woman in satire calls the pill the capsule for the man
mysoginistic: forces risks of birth control on woman.
bc
How Does birth control work?
LH and FSH: made by the pituitary gland and progesterone stops the make of LH so another fertilized egg is not made ( telling body u already preggers)
Progesterone also makes uterine link thin so the fertilized egg wouldn’t implant and thickens cervical mucus
bc
What was the first birth control made and how did it develop to success?
1. Originally, the pill was just Progesterone supplied by Searle. But by accident one batch had estrogen in it. Luckily the estrogen stopped break-through bleeding.
bc
Peurto Rico trials
Barack ,Pincus and sanger and mccormick look in PR?

1. Needed a Large scale clinical trial to passs 1938 drug and cosmetic act.
2. Mail law was really strict
3. Territorial status with a permissive legal environment
4.Robust family planning movement and infrastructure
5. Avoid unwanted legal environment
6. Pill could be used in developing nation” 3rd world” countries
1954-1955
bc
Dr. Edris Rice-Wray.
• Hired to oversee large trial in pr
bc
What were the problems in Puerto Rico?
• more than half dropped out
o bad publicity
• sterility, “neomalthusian” campaign, Americans using “colored races as guinea pigs”
o side effects
• nausea, dizziness, headache, stomach ache, vomiting in 17% of patients
o breakthrough bleeding
• women thought it was their period and went off pill
o disapproving men
• clergy, husbands, etc
b/c
When did the U.S start to monitor the Birth Control Pill?
1955- meeting concludes the pill is 100% effective at preventing ovulation
1956- research stimulates interest by science magazines
1957: searle gets FDA approval for gynecology, miscarriage, heavy menstration
1959: Way more women were using enovid that were possible
bc
What were the challenges of getting Enovid approved?
Not sure how do you gage risk of its not used to treat an illness
Comstock and similar laws
Drugs are for treating/preventing illness, for a limited time-- its a medical not “social” use.
bc
Thalidomide tragedy
1950: same time polio vaccine isn't safe and the U.S has regulatory issues
-
• Frances Kelsey- denided the approval for Thalidomide comes out in Europe that its caused thousands of birth defects in offspring of women who had taken drug
Shows that drug companies are not always working in favor of Americans.
bc
Drug amendments of 1962
FIRST TIME CLAIMING THAT A DRUG HAS TO WORK
Introduced by senator Estes Kefauver
Drug companies must prove drugs are save AND effective
Restrsopective review back to 1938
Also focused a bunch more on pharma advertising to doctors.
b/c
Pill contested social grounds
1. pill advertised to African American women: Was the pill genocide or liberation- forcing them to have less children decreases population status
2. pill and Catholics-
3. Pill was at the root of sexual revolution
1950’s nothing about sex
no one waits for marriage
bc
How did the FDA react from increased risk of blood clots in Birth control?
1968: Few Deaths from stroke- Brits found risk of blood clots and strokes in women taking the pill
Found it is 9x higher in women who take the pill- influenced FDA study and found it as 4.5x higher.
FDa lowered the recommended amount of Progesterone and changed label
FDA insisted under the ______ act, that drug companies switch side effects
bc
Barbara Seaman:
ladies home journal reporter, serious investigative journalism, former editor, decides to write a book on the pill risks, The Doctors Case Against The Pill
• Not just clot risks, people having strokes, increases of breast cancer and cervical cancer, suicide, depression, migraines
• Numerous women who have died from pill, suicide or blood clots
• Many women don’t care stay on it anyway, take the risks
b/c
ßecond Wave Feminism
1970's anti authroitarian movement begins, anti miss america
bc
Nelson Hearings
Drug companies need to go under trial because they are not under enough scrunity/ regulation
o Larger dose then today, 10x
o Women having serious problems
o Only male researcher and doctors testified
o Young feminists at the hearings- not given information when give the pill, no warnings
b/x
What were the 3 o outcomes of woman activist protests?
1. manufacturer forced to change the formulation of pill
brought down levels of progesterone and estrogen up until today
progesterone: Less than 1/10 of what it was in the 60
2. The first patient drug insert
Unless doctors are fully aware of all these side effects--its unethical to prevent i information distribution to the patients
term switched from “patients” to “consumers”
Problems: How does FDA translate scientific words and to what extent?
Drug companies didn’t want product to come with a long list of warnings
AMA wanted input- federal governemnt shouldn’t tell doctors how to talk to their patients, fear of socialism:
Version 1: 25 terms- too lay
Version 2: 5 terms- went on public display and women protested the informed consent
Settled on “ there are risks, as your doctor” who had distributable list of 25 side effects
Between 70 and 80’s the list of drugs with inserts increased
3. Woman’s health movement- 2nd ewave feminism
ex. Boston woman’s health initiative “ our bodies, ourselves: gives the woman information that only doctors had prior”
ex2. chicago started anti
ex3. in suzanna armes book: woman’s health had become so medicalized that child birth became so distant from the process and destroys that natural
bc
Ivan Illich
Critic of medical industry during the birth control 1960's moment
Medical Nemesis
1. brought attention to the decline of measles/mumps before medical progression increase,
2. Medical is a capitalist institution: Profit- be skeptical
3. Hospitals spread bacteria/disease
bc
Bob Dole
• Participating in nelson hearings, senator
• Quote- paternalistic attitude, technical person knows best and only they can tell the uneducated masses what to do and how to act, feminist health activist took real issue with that
• Tired of being told that everything was so technical it was beyond their grasp
• Galvanized the movement, theme comes back into play with valium
bc
How did the pill influence doctor/patients relation?
Reinforced the authority of physicians- doctors had to know intimate life and also side effects.
Women will doctor shop until they find a doctor that would prescribe the pill and would give them information they demanded. Changed doctor perception from- sanctification to sellers. Patients to consumers
bc
How does the pill influence the pharmaceutical industry?
Opened the new drug market. They are no longer for this sick or to cure conditions. Daily pill intakes.
Advanced discourse on informed consent- patient package insert.
bc
How do the 1st and 2nd waves of feminism differ in regards to the bill?
1970’s feminists feel Feel the pill was forced on them by doctors and drug companies, because these industries are dominated by men. Pill was more about institutions, not individuals. Sanger/mcCormick would look at the pill too as a way to put b/c back in the hands of men
However, to 1950’s women, the pill was a scientific triumph for women in the ongoing struggle to gain independent control over their reproductive lives.
bc
How did birth control change perception of drug?
1. must calculate risk/benefit to taking it
2. take a pill every day
3. medicalized birht contorl-- methods before with mechanistc
Durham- Humphre ammendment
1951: amendment to food and cosmetics acts to distingusih prescription drugs from over the counter drugs. more regulation over what constitued prescription
What tranquilizer paved the way for valium?
In 1960s, Meprobomate was used
membromate was derived from short acting Mephenesin to purify and extract penicillin. Frank Berger discovered it after it calmed down rats and published findings in 1946. Carter, patent company, living off of nair and arid but wants to sell an ethical FDA drug. They were not sure if they should bring it to market because it would require a prescription. However, anxiety would be cured from Freudian therapy model.
Frank Berger
discovered mebromate in 1946 and when trying to purify penicillin. Tried to get it passed with Carter but it required massive funding to pass the food cosmetic act showed wyeth a movie to show how wild mokey's tranquilized.
Mitown
carter 1957 , 2nd most popular drug ever-- advertised to all and did not weaken social order
How Miltowon and Equinil marketed?
Dcotors began to prescribe equinil, carter followed and made miltown in 1955Relaxes both mind an muscle without imparing mental or physcial eifficiency. Treatment to chronic stress. Marketed the drug as an add-on to psychosis. They also marketed to individuals and physicians- making the tranquilizer a drug for everyone!
Why was Miltown and Equinil so popular?
1. Confidence in medical industry.
2. Thorazine brought attention to drug as psychiatric treatment
3. no stigma for tranquilizer use, in fact there was a cache as the modern individual who needed a release from “american nervousness”
4. Marketing choices, it was an addition to psychotherapy and could be for anyone. And took advantage of TV personality and marketing to American nervousness
What were Milton's achievements?
1. moved psychiatry to the GP’s office (family practitioner’s office)
2. preserved the “social order” in the unitedstates after the war
“medically innovative but socially conservative” Preserved the social order -marketed to woman was “ pregnancy is your natural state- take a miltown to help you through and to men as a stress from the working day.
3. Like the b/c pill , tranquilizers created a market for prescription lifestyle drugs
4. paved the way for valium
Librium
Hoffman la roche in 1960s- weaker for minor axicety

benzodiazepines- g the actions of the inhibitory neurotransmitter *-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain. Benzodiazepines bind to a receptor near GABA binding sites, actually enhancing the affinity of these sites for GABA.
, brain activity is slowed as it releases fewer excitatory
neurotransmitters
- leo sternbach discovered it accidnetly


1961: hollister, from Verterans Adminstration, hired by La Roche, found that librium could also causes dependency like barbiturates and meprobmated, the sypmtomes f withdrawal from chlordiazeposide where slower to develop but still there in high dose shizaphrenics
Valium
1963: dizapem that helped convulsions
Hoffman La roche improved Libirum and came out with valium in 1963. claimed it could be used to replace extreme and low
tranquilizers. Also called it was dependance proof- suicide proof and versatile.
Betty Friedman
Feminie Mystique- cam out same year as valium
Why did valium lose popularity at the end of the 1970s>
1. femionism? feminie mystique
2. 1965 Drug abuse contorl Amendments- curbed illegal abuse and trade of prescription drugs
3. Evidence that people are becoming addictied - growing dependance among many classes of users and stereotypes changed
1970 schedule of controlled substances became cattegory
schedule of controlled substances
1970-
Growing field of addictions- finding that addiction is a disease need to undergo treatment by doctors
1. takes regulation of narcotics and narcotics out of FDA to the Drug Enforacement agency
2. Asks DEA to come up with a list of controlled substances: reclassify additive problem drug and defining their medical necessity
Substance 1: high addiction --
Substance 4: drug companies pushed for the section :drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances
• which ones medically necessary and how medically necessary were they, how prone to abuse were they
• which ones the most addictive which fewest medical uses- sched 1 marijuana, heroin, lsd
• sched 2,3,
• sched 4- laroche schedule, battle with dea over whether valium is addictive, as bill is getting put through, lobbyist forced class of drugs to be more medically necessary and less use
the yellow peril
1979- critiques companies for not researching wheter valium was addictive, and blames doctors for chosing a cure all method. from the newsweek
What and who caused the valium panic by the end of the 1970s?
1. Roche’s losing battles- dea, drug abuse warning network
1975 Expansion of NIH and drug abuse network found valium was #1 drug in causing addiction
2. Women’s health movement: women realize flaws in the pharmaceutical industry, and encouraged conversation among women about societal effects/ causes of drug use
- group of woman: go off of valium to stick it to the man- it was sexist and a therapy or a social problem
3. addiction medicine
4. counterculture critiques: associated valium as the mood altering drug of hippies like LSD
5. women’s health movement
6. journalists
7. Celebrity stories
Rplaced by xanx
and FDA label was made on bottle saying anxiety does not need drug treamtent 1980
What role did Act up think consumers should play in drug development and approval?
Act-UPBelieve that consumers should be just as involved in drug development as the NIH, researchs and such. Contrasted to Birth Control and valium: the consumers formed the backlash, after it was already developed. This formed the basis of the ACT-UP's passion to include consumers in drug development.
Brought attention to who the Experts were
Kaposi's Sarcoma
cancer with lesions on the skin in conjuction with eye infection yeast and penmonia
1983-1984 Aids
FMontinier sends discovered of Aids to CDC Switched virus name from Gay Related Immunofeiciency Disease to AI Ds
Formed list of risk: 1. gay and bisexual men, sex workers, IV drug users, Haitains, female sexual partners of men who have Aids, hemophiliacs
How did the early 80's play a role in AIDS?
In 1970's the world was focused on cancer rather than infections diseases. Now AIDS distort this perception, because these viruses caused both cancer and there was no immunity. Lead to the accelerated approval of AZT in 1987.
Why was ATV approved quickly?
ACT UP put lots of pressure on the FDA: FDA made claim that if a drug was approved that wasn't on the market and there was a need for it-- approval could be expideted
1987- 15,000 people dying compared to the 134 deaths in 1981 when it when it was discovered- only case of public health issue that was on the rise.
Fear of infectious disease is back after faith in immunizations grew
Who was AZT for?
FDA reccomented that AZT should only be used for low immunization cells, ,however doctors and patients ignored this reccomendation
What were AZT's problems after approval ?
Expensive- pricing out the people who needed it
Only was tested in white gay men, what about other populations?

AZT drug rembursement plan: AZT for the poor and unapproved
AZT
Compound reasearch from NCI retrovirus from the 1960s.
• HIV is a retrovirus, reverse transcriptase, double strand of DNA gets incorporated into genome of cell, if u block enzyme that causes dna to happen then it wont infect the cells
• AZT blocks RT, protease inhibitor, RT inhibitor, but AZT also had effects on other non target cells, bone marrow, a lot of side effects that made it a difficult drug to take, negative effects on immune system, had effect on mitochondria, muscle tissues weakening or deterioration, still approved quickly
Ryan White Care Act
emergency approach,
one of the only diseases specific federal health programs.
funds reserach and gives drug to people who need it.
What are the similarities between the Polio vaccination and Ryan White Care Act:
money given to states and they do as they please so it is up to local areas agencies to decide what to do with it
3. insist it is not socialized medicine- the money is there, but the state governments and local agencies can decide what to do with it
Peter Duesberg
1980s clams that HIV does not cause Aids Instead it is:
Injection drug use as the soruce
AZT then destroys bone marrow and creates autoimmune disease.
Becomes scientific Paraish
Valeri Emerson
2 children in Main , 1st children passed away after 2 years of taking AZT. Upon refusal of administering ATV to her second child, the social workers took him into custody on the claim of childabuse. State ruled she was allowed to refuse treatment
Advocacy Act Glazer
Elizabeth Glazer-
Received HIV infected blood in the hospital during child labor-- and she passed it on to her daughter. Glazer Formed the pediatric Aids foundation to make a case for funidng for mothers and children because ATV was not approved for children.
Discovered: that mother to child transmission to 15-45% during breast feeding. Research discovered that if mothers received AZT the chance of transmission decreased to less or equal to 5%
Nathan Kline
Nathan, who pledge in the Valium cases that equal importance to atomic energy
Ronalh Kuhn 1958
1958- Proposed iproniazid as a better antipsychotic than thorazine and barbiturates, which were too powerful.
we can improve mood with chemsitry.
What was the stigma like on depression/ anxiety before drugs?
Negative- couldn't be cured. Eagleton senator from Missouri had to step down after his illness was exposed.
In the 50's depression rarely diagnosed and was only cured with electric shock therapy.
How does Merck market ironiazid and imipramine?
1. Doctors- distribute books for free recognizing depressed patient
2. Market multiple drug treatments as the cure
3. Advertising mild depression
4. Woman: dpecits traditional women spouses
Maggie scarf And Myrna Weissman
Weissman- found woman working at home are more inhertly depressed than women at home. woman inhertetly rely upon close nuturing familiar relationships- work makes them giv up relationshps

Scarf: feminist but agreed women leaving the home causes deperssion
What happens at the End of the 70's in regards to Anti-depressants?
1970's backlash against valium open the door for new anti-depressants.
d
Neurotransmitters as the new magic bullet?
There is an imbalance of neurtoransmitter neurons, and the right drug will cure it like infections disease theory.
How do MAOI work?
Blocks the Mono amine enzyme, which usually cleans up excess neurotransmitter. Iproniazid inhibits the reuptake-- more n/t
Endorphins
Natural opiates- can be addictive,
Prozac
Eli LIlly 1987
SSRI, not a MAOI, less severe side effects, no blurred vision or high risk of overdose that came with mAOI,
better for mild depression
Had a monopoly until 1992 zoloft
Why was prozac a feminist drug?
3 times more often to women
women succeed in work place because of prozac-- Eli Lilly jumped on marketing scheme
Critiques of prozac
1. Lauren slater: kills sex drive, works for a bit but you need more, side effects are personal
2. Mild depression is character- we would love creativity (questioned by Walter Kirn who wrote UP IN THE AIR)
3. Elevated risks of thoughts of suicidal behavior in chldren and teans
Gardasil
1st drug of its kind
Prevents against 4 out of 150 HPV strains
⁃ HPV 6 and 11 which caused 90% of genital warts
⁃ HPV 16,18- caused 70% of cervical cancers
CDC recommendation?
Girls should take have this vaccine before sexual activity.
2006 prioty review, beecause itw as a new vaccine
Merck
What is HPV?
high risk: associated with cervical cancer, 13-16 strains out of 150
low risk: cause 90 % of genital warts,
What were Mercks gardacil campaign approaches?
1. Tell Someone- adult should inform eachother about the chances of HPV causing cancer
2. Make the commitment- urge felames to ask health care providers
How was the right against the vaccine? And the left?
The right: Gardasil undermines Christian values, encouraging promiscuity
The left: you are eliminating a parent's right to chose whats right for family and undermines informed consent.
How did feminists feel about gardasil and the mandate?
Feminists: The mandate is sexist-- why aren't we vaccinated the boys? They are just as involved as well.
Girls put a risk to serve private interests: testings have been done on women and only for a short amount of time
How did Health officials feel about gardasil mandate?
Other vaccines have been mandatory because of their contagiousness, hpv is not easily spreadable. Also its medically uneccessary- are the 4,000 dealts saved worth the risks? Also- people that need it aren't here.
How were mercks marketing campaigns for gardasil ? 2008?
Now?
2008- 1/4 of girls got vaccine
now 1/3 have been vaccinated
2006- onelezz campaign
Cervarix
The Metoo of gardisil by Glacsomith-Klien. Took a long time to get approved because it only prevented against the HIGH RISK hpv strains.
Why was there so much critique on HPV Immunization?
1. Celeb adveritsing
2. medical industry is hesitant
3. Popular books questioning pharmaceuticals
4. Seattle WTO Protest; 1999 youth activists are against big multinational governements
5. Will vaccines ever end
6. Federal liscencing

7. 1990 public awarness prescription drug could have side effects.
Jenny Mccarthey
activist against vaccinations and Autism
Vaccine infrastructure
* Development of effective technology

* Federal licensing

* federal recommendations

* Local laws, regulatorsà if states mandate get federal funding

* Consensus on presence of health threat
Michele bachman- HPV vaccine
HPV vaccine
* Woman told her that her daughter had seizure and headaches, caused by hpv vaccine, accused rick perry of forcing govt injections on young girls and infringing on liberties of parents and young women

o Same argument Jacobson v mass and lora little
Samuel Broder and Hiroaki Mitsuya
1985- had demonstrated that AZT, a molecule first synthesized in 1964 by chemist
Jerome Horwitz
1964 originally sythesized the AZT ichigan Cancer Foundation, prevented HIV from multiplying in cultured human cells.
B. Molloy and Klaus K. Schmiegel,
1957
• Imipramine: found in search for a better antihistamine, finding= not just for TB
• Looking at a bunch of dyes, summer blue that had antihistamine properties, began to treat tb patients with it, xrays showed they weren’t better, but they felt great, less pain, happier, leveled off content and happiness, less aches and discomfort, another use for the drug, improves mood, self promoting, takes the story to the nytimes, begins to spread the idea that drugs might be able to be used to improve mood in people who aren’t clinically depressed in a major way
side effects of prozac
suppression of sex drive, tolerance, dependance, risk of suicidal behavior in children
Peter Kramer
"Listening to Prozac," describes his experience with Prozac on patients as a mood lifter,
lauren slater
prozac diary: goes on prozac and life is transformed
elizabeth wurtziel
"prozac nation" became debilitated by depression but was saved by prozac
carl elliot
pharmaceutical propaganda- better than well