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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which "viseral barriers" must drugs pass in your body?
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1. Stomach
2. Small intestine 3. Membranes (blood vessels) 4. Liver |
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Why is it important to consider bodily barriers while synthesizing a drug?
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Each barrier removes a quantity of a drug, so i
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Why is it important to have a good enough amount of drug?
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If you do not have enough drug reaching it's destination, nothing will happen (you won't get the desired effect). You need to reach a threshold.
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What is a side effect?
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Something that happens which isn’t the main function of the drug, it isn’t necessarily something negative. A side effect can arise in many ways, and you pretty much should balane the risk and benefit.
ex. fever from a vaccine |
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How do side effects occur? (3 ways)
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1. A reflex response produced an undesired effect (Ex. fever induced by a vaccine)
2. Drug works correctly, but in the wrong place (ex. prostaglandin inhibition from A.S.A. can hurt your stomach) 3. Drug interacts with the wrong molecule (ex. diphenhydramine, an antihistamine, can interact with molecules in your brain which cause the drowsy side effects) |
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What's Capsaicin, and how does it work in your mouth?
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active ingredient in hot peppers.
-Capsaicin help promote blood flow and reduce pressureIn your mouth, and in turn reduces the pain. - Capsaicin tricks the body creating a sensation of heat in your mouth (low dose, low response, high dose will high response) - Capsaicin is an agonist of the nerve cells which sense heat. The temperature depends on the dose. The higher the dose, the higher the heat sensation in your mouth |
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What are Scoville units?
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Measurement of the pungency(spicy heat) of chili peppers or other spicy foods as reported in Scoville heat units, a function ofcapsaicin concentration
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Order of concentration of capsaicin/lowest to highest scoville units.
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0 - Bell pepper
700- Pulla 5000 to 8000 - Chipotle morita 1 million - Bhut Jolokia 1.6 million - Scorpion pepper |
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You've taken a scorpion pepper (1.6 scoville units), what's the best thing to eat to flush the heat?
1. Water 2. Fat 3. Ice 4. Beer |
Fat. Capsaicin is soluble in fat.
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What can happen if you ingest something with a strong concentration of Capsaicin?
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- Mouth feels hot
- Sweating - Higher blood circulation in your body - Runny nose - Tearing up - Throwig up |
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What are the three steps for drug testing?
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1. Initial safety testing (lab in Philippines with robotics)
2. Safety testing in small animals (mice/rats) 3. Safety testing in primates (dogs/monkeys/etc.) |
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How many rodents are tested each year?
A. 3 million rodents B. 300 thousand rodents C. 300 million rodents D. 30 million rodents |
D. 30 million rodents
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How many primates are tested each year?
A. 50 million primates B. 5 million primates C. 500 thousand primates D. 50 thousand primates |
D. 50 thousand primates
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How many animals are tested in total each year
A. 60 million animals B. 600 million animals C. 6 million animals D. 600 thousand animals |
A. 60 million animals
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Why is animal testing important?
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1. The government regulations don’t allow so,
2. the systems are very slow in changing protocol, and 3, government presents a barrier in relocating the animal testing with lab tests. |
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What do pharma companies do to maintain ethical standards while doing animal testing?
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When a study goes through animal testing, the testing goes through ethical review process. It involves people in the company, ethicists, people in the community, and won’t cause undue suffering.
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What are excipients? Name 7.
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Excipients are the non-medicinal ingredients in a drug.
1. fillers, 2. stabilizers, 3. preservatives, 4. binders, 5. absorption enhancers, 6. flavors, 7. colors. |
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What are fillers?
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Fillers are added as a safety feature to help measure the weight of active compounds of a drug. Most drugs are given as very small doses, and fillers help as an important safety feature to prevent mistakes.
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What are stabilizers?
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Stabilizers protect you against oxygen in the atmosphere. For example, hydrochloride is a salt preventing a drug to react with the oxygen in the atmosphere. It prevents it from degrading.
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What are preservative?
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Protect drugs from microbes (fungus, etc.)
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Why do we colour drugs?
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Safety feature. If all pills/tablets were white, many would mistake one drug for another.
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Explain each phase of clinical trials.
Name, amount of volunteer, purpose |
Phase 1 (100 patients): first safety tests
Phase 2 (100 - 300 patients): safety + efficacy + dosing Phase 3 (+1000 patients): like phase 2, with more people + focus on rare side effects |
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What are the five conditions in the Nuremberg code?
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1. Informed consent of patients
2. Prior animal studies 3. Benefits outweigh the risks 4. Qualified scientists 5. No suffering |
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Why was the Nuremberg created?
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Nazis crossed the line with their unethical "research" at Auschwitz in WW2.
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What are double blind studies?
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Studies where both the patients and the doctors do not know what drug they are taking. They require a large amount of patients in order to look for statistical difference.
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How many years does it take to develop a drug?
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8 years
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How long is a patent period? What's a patent period, and what's the point
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20 year period where the developpers of a drug are the only ones that can sell their drug. The patent period allows the developpers to gain the money back from their clinical trials. . Generic pharmaceutical companies manufacture and sell the drugs once the 20-year patency period expires.
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What does D.A.W. mean on doctor notes?
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Disperse as written (don't allow a substitution, ex. don't give a generic version if I prescribed the brand version)
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What's the only difference between generic and brand name drugs?
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Their prices. By law, generics have to work in the same exact way as brand-name drugs.
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What percent of drug marketing target doctors?
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60 percent of marketing targets doctors. On average, companies spend 50 thousand dollars per doctor.
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What percent of money on a new drug is invested on the clinical trials?
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60 to 70%
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What's the failure rate for each drug after undergoing clinical trials?
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90%!
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