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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mechanism: Amphoteric. Indications: Antacid, peptic ulcer relief. Side effects: Constipation.
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Aluminium hydroxide
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Mechanism: Epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) blocker. Indications: K+-sparing diuretic. Side effects: Hyperkalaemia.
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Amiloride
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Mechanism: Inhibition of protein synthesis (30S subunit). Indications: Gram negative; some Gram positive. Side effects: Nephrotoxicity; ototoxicity .
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Aminoglycosides
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Mechanism: Methylxanthine - inhibition of phosphodiesterase. Indications: Bronchodilation. Side effects: Theophylline toxicity.
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Aminophylline
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Mechanism: K channel blocker; Ca2+ channel blocker. Indications: Tachyarrhythmias Class III antidysrhythmic. Side effects: Pneumonitis; bradycardia.
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Amiodarone
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Mechanism: Ca2+ channel blocker - vascular. Indications: Hypertension. Side effects: Ankle swelling; flushing; headache.
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Amlodipine
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Mechanism: Dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Indications: ADHD; Narcolepsy. Side effects: Hypotension; hypertension; tachycardia.
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Amphetamines
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Mechanism: COX inhibitor – reduces production of thromboxane. Indications: Anti-thrombotic; NSAID. Side effects: Gastrointestinal bleeding.
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Aspirin
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Mechanism: β1 antagonist. Indications: Ischaemic heart disease; heart failure; hypertension. Side effects: Orthostatic hypotension.
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Atenolol
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Mechanism: Competitive mAChR inhibitor. Indications: Bradycardia. Side effects: Tachycardia; dry mouth; constipation.
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Atropine
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Mechanism: Positive allosteric modulator and, at higher doses, agonist of GABAA. Indications: Respiratory depressant. Side effects: Hypotension; drowsiness; respiratory depression.
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Barbituates e.g. phenobarbital
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Mechanism: β1 antagonist (cardioselective). Indications: Ischaemic heart disease; heart failure; hypertension. Side effects: Orthostatic hypotension.
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Bisoprolol
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Mechanism: ACE inhibitor. Indications: Hypertension; chronic heart failure. Side effects: Persistent dry cough.
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Captopril
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Mechanism: Converted to methimazole which prevents the iodination of thyroglobulin. Indications: Hyperthyroidism. Side effects: Rash; bone marrow suppression.
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Carbimazole
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Mechanism: Platinum complex – crosslinks DNA. Indications: Chemotherapy. Side effects: Nausea; vomiting.
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Carboplatin
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Mechanism: H1 antagonist. Indications: Allergies. Side effects: Headache.
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Cetirizine
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Mechanism: H1 antagonist. Indications: Allergies; after adrenaline in anaphylaxis. Side effects: Sedation / drowsiness.
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Chlorphenamine
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Mechanism: Platinum complex – crosslinks DNA. Indications: Chemotherapy. Side effects: Nausea; vomiting.
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Cisplatin
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Mechanism: α2 agonist. Indications: Hypertension. Side effects: Hypotension.
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Clonidine
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Mechanism: Converted to morphine by P450 in liver. Binds µ-opiod receptor – direct action on cough centre in medulla and gastrointestinal tract. Indications: Cough – antitussive; pain; diarrhoea. Side effects: Respiratory depression; vomiting; constipation.
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Codeine
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Mechanism: H1 antagonist; mAChR antagonist. Indications: Nausea; vomiting; motion sickness; vertigo. Side effects: Drowsiness; dry throat and mouth.
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Cyclizine
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Mechanism: Alkylating agent – crosslinks DNA. Indications: Chemotherapy. Side effects: Nausea vomiting; anorexia; pancreatitis.
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Cyclophosphamide
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Mechanism: NMDA-R antagonist direct action on cough centre in medulla. Indications: Cough – antitussive; pain. Side effects: Nausea; vomiting.
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Dextromethorphan
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Mechanism: Cardiac glycoside. Na/K ATPase inhibitor – increases intracellular Ca2+. Negative chronotrope. Positive inotrope.. Indications: Atrial fibrillation; atrial flutter; severe heart failure. Side effects: Bradycardia..
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Digoxin
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Mechanism: Protonophore.. Indications: Uncoupling agent. Side effects: Hyperthermia.
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Dinitrophenol
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Mechanism: H1 receptor inverse agonist. Indications: Allergy. Side effects: Sedation.
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Diphenhydramine
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Mechanism: For cardiovascular effects: α1; β1; β2 agonist . Indications: Hypotension; bradycardia. Side effects: Adverse effect on kidney function; arrhythmia..
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Dopamine
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Mechanism: Stimulates chemoreceptors in carotid bodies which then stimulates the respiratory centre in the brain stem. Indications: Respiratory depression – respiratory stimulant. Side effects: Hypertension.
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Doxapram
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Mechanism: α1 antagonist. Indications: Hypertension. Prostatic hyperplasia.. Side effects: Postural hypotension; syncope..
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Doxazosin
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Mechanism: Intercalating agent - cytotoxic antibiotic. Indications: Chemotherapy. Side effects: Cardiomyopathy.
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Doxorubicin
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Mechanism: Specific COX-2 (inducible form) inhibitor. Indications: NSAID. Side effects: GI toxicity.
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Etoricoxib
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Mechanism: Loop diuretic – Na+/K+/2Cl- (NKCC) inhibitor. Indications: Oedema; fluid overload in chronic heart failure. Side effects: Hypotension; low electrolytes..
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Furosemide
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Mechanism: Aminoglycoside - Inhibits protein synthesis (30S subunit). Indications: Gram negative and some Gram positive. Side effects: Nephrotoxicity; ototoxicity .
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Gentamicin
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Mechanism: Converted to nitric oxide (NO). NO increases cGMP and reduces intracellular Ca2+. Causes relaxation of venous capacitance vessels, reduces cardiac work. Indications: Acute coronary syndrome; prophylaxis of angina; pulmonary oedema. Side effects: Flushing; headaches; hypotension.
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Glyceryl trinitrate
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Mechanism: Activates antithrombin III thereby inhibiting factor Xa. Indications: Venous thromboembolism; acute coronary syndrome. Side effects: Bleeding.
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Heparin
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Mechanism: Thiazide diuretic – Na+/Cl- (NCC) symporter inhibitor. Indications: Hypertension. Side effects: Hyponatraemia; hypokalaemia; arrhythmias.
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Hydrochlorothiazide
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Mechanism: mAChR antagonist. Indications: Bronchodilation. Side effects: Dry mouth; tachycardia.
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Ipratropium
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Mechanism: β1 and β2 agonist. Indications: Bradycardia. Side effects: Headache; palpitations.
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Isoprenaline
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Mechanism: Osmotic laxative – hold water in stool, maintaining volume and therefore stimulating peristalsis. Indications: Constipation; faecal impaction. Side effects: Flatulence; abdominal cramps; nausea.
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Lactulose
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Mechanism: Synthetic T4. Indications: Hypothyroidism. Side effects: Diarrhoea; vomiting; weight loss; palpitations; tremor.
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Levothyroxine
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Mechanism: Use dependent voltage gated Na+ channel blocker. Indications: Local anaesthetic; Class I antidysrhythmic. Side effects: Stinging; drowsiness.
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Lidocaine
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Mechanism: Agonist of the opiod µ-receptors in the GI tract. Doesn’t cross BBB.. Indications: Diarrhoea (often IBS or viral gastroenteritis). Side effects: Constipation; abdominal cramps; flatulence.
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Loperamide
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Mechanism: Angiotensin receptor blocker. Indications: Hypertension; chronic heart failure; ischaemic heart disease. Side effects: Hypotension; hyperkalaemia; renal failure.
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Losartan
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Mechanism: Osmotic diuretic. Indications: Acutely elevated intracranial pressure. Side effects: Hypotension.
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Mannitol
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Mechanism: Increases sensitivity to insulin. Indications: Type II diabetes. Side effects: Gastrointestinal upset.
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Metformin
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Mechanism: Antifolate; anti-inflammatory. Indications: Chemotherapy; rheumatoid arthritis. Side effects: Mucosal damage; bone marrow suppression.
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Methotrexate
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Mechanism: Bulk forming laxative. Attracts water into stool, increasing its bulk and therefore stimulating peristalsis. Indications: Constipation; faecal impaction; mild chronic diarrhoea. Side effects: Abdominal distension; flatulence.
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Methylcellulose
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Mechanism: D2 receptor antagonist – inhibits main receptor in chemoreceptor trigger zone and causes relaxation of the stomach. Indications: Nausea; vomiting. Side effects: Diarrhoea.
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Metoclopramide
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Mechanism: µ-opiod receptor agonist. Indications: Pain. Side effects: Respiratory depression.
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Morphine
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Mechanism: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Indications: Myasthenia gravis; anaesthesia. Side effects: Nausea; bradycardia; hypotension .
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Neostigmine
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Mechanism: Alkylating agent – cross-links DNA. Indications: Chemotherapy. Side effects: Bone marrow suppression; diarrhoea.
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Nitrogen mustard e.g. cyclophosphamide
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Mechanism: Proton pump inhibitor – irreversibly inhibits H+/K+-ATPase. Indications: GORD; part of combination to treat Helicobacter pylori. Side effects: B12 deficiency; gastrointestinal disturbance.
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Omeprazole
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Mechanism: M1, M2, M3 antagonist – relatively selective for M3. Indications: Urge urinary incontinence. Side effects: Dry mouth; tachycardia; constipation; blurred vision.
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Oxybutynin
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Mechanism: Unclear. May involve inhibition of COX-2. Indications: Pain. Side effects: Liver failure in overdose.
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Paracetamol
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Mechanism: Inhibit cross linking of peptidoglycan. Indications: Gram negative; Gram positive. Side effects: Rash; anaphylactic reaction.
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Penicillin (Benzylpenicillin)
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Mechanism: α antagonist. Indications: Hypertensive emergency e.g due to pheochromocytoma. Side effects: Postural hypotension; tachycardia.
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Phentolamine
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Mechanism: α1 agonist. Indications: Hypotension; pupil dilation. Side effects: Hypertension.
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Phenylephrine
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Mechanism: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Indications: Reversal of anticholinergic effects e.g. antidote for atropine poisoning. Side effects: Bronchospasm; bradycardia.
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Physostigmine
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Mechanism: Glucocorticoid. Indications: Inflammatory disorders; autoimmune disease (e.g. IBD). Side effects: Immunosuppression; skin thinning; easy bruising.
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Prednisolone
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Mechanism: Use dependent voltage-gated Na+ channel blocker. Indications: Supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Side effects: Dysrhythmia; bradycardia; hypotension.
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Procainamide
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Mechanism: Na+ channel blocker. Indications: Local anaesthetic. Side effects: Shaking.
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Procaine
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Mechanism: Non-selective β antagonist. Indications: Ischaemic heart disease; heart failure; hypertension; thyrotoxicosis. Side effects: Orthostatic hypotension.
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Propranolol
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Mechanism: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Indications: Myasthenia gravis. Side effects: Nausea; bradycardia; hypotension.
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Pyridostigmine
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Mechanism: H2 receptor antagonist – reduces gastric acid secretion. Indications: Peptic ulcer disease; GORD. Side effects: Diarrhoea.
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Ranitidine
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Mechanism: Inhibits RNA polymerase – inhibits transcription . Indications: Tuberculosis (given in combination). Side effects: Nausea; vomiting; diarrhoea.
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Rifampicin
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Mechanism: β2 agonist. Indications: Asthma; COPD. Side effects: Tachycardia; palpitations.
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Salbutamol
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Mechanism: Long acting β2 agonist . Indications: Maintenance therapy in asthma and COPD. Side effects: Tachycardia; palpitations.
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Salmeterol
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Mechanism: Stimulant / irritant laxative. Indications: Constipation; faecal impaction. Side effects: Abdominal pain; abdominal cramping; diarrhoea.
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Senna
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Mechanism: Phosphodiesterase (PDE) type V inhibitor – increases cGMP and therefore relaxes smooth muscle. Indications: Erectile dysfunction; primary pulmonary hypertension. Side effects: Flushing; headache; hypotension; tachycardia.
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Sildenafil
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Mechanism: Inhibits release of chemical mediators from sensitized mast cells. Indications: Asthma prophylaxis. Side effects: Cough; bronchospasm.
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Sodium cromoglicate
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Mechanism: Aldosterone antagonist. Indications: Ascites; oedema; chronic heart failure; primary hyperaldosteronism. Side effects: Hyperkalaemia; gynaecomastia.
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Spironolactone
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Mechanism: Aminoglycoside; - inhibition of protein synthesis (30S subunit). Indications: Gram negative; some Gram positive. Side effects: Nephrotoxicity; ototoxicity .
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Streptomycin
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Mechanism: Inhibition of DNA synthesis (folic acid synthesis). Indications: Gram negative bacilli; Some Gram positive cocci. Side effects: Nausea; diarrhoea.
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Sulphonamides
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Mechanism: Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug. Indications: Neuromuscular blockade (anaesthesia). Side effects: Paralysis preceded by painful fasiculations; tachycardia .
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Suxamethonium
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Mechanism: Methylxanthine – Non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor; non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist. Indications: Asthma. Side effects: Nausea; vomiting.
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Theophilline
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Mechanism: Non-depolarizing block - reversible inhibition of nAChR. Indications: Skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or ventilation. Diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. Side effects: Hypotension; bronchospasm.
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Tubocurarine
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Mechanism: Ca2+ channel blocker - type IV anti-dysrhythmic. Indications: Supraventricular arrhythmias; stable angina. Side effects: Constipation; bradycardia.
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Verapamil
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Mechanism: Inhibits enzyme that activates vitamin K. Indications: DVT; PE; AF; after heart valve replacement. Side effects: Bleeding.
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Warfarin
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Mechanism: α2 antagonist. Indications: Pupil dilation. Side effects: Dizziness; flushing.
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Yohimbine
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