Drug Identification And Toxicology

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Toxicology

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The study of adverse effects of chemicals or physical agents on living organisms

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Olympias

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Famous Greek poisoner

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Locusta

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Poisoner of Emperor Nero

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Hieronyma Spara

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Taught women how to poison their husbands

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Mathieu Orfila

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Father of forensic toxicology; wrote "Traite des Poisons" (chemical and physiological nature of poison)

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LD50

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The dose of a substance that kills half of the population, usually within 4 hours

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Caustic Poison

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Characteristic burns around lips and mouth

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Carbon Monoxide

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Red/pink patches on chest and thighs; bright red lividity

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Sulfuric Acid

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Black vomit

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Hydrocholic acid

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Green/brown vomit

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Nitric Acid

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Yellow vomit

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Phosphorous

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Coffee-colored vomit; onion/garlic smell

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Cyanide

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Burnt almond odor

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Arsenic and Mercury

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Pronounced diarrhea

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Methyl (wood) or Isopropyl (rubbing) Alcohol

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Nausea and vomiting; unconsciousness; possible blindness

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Mees Lines

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Look for these during forensic autopsy; Single tranverse white bands on nails

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Drug

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Natural or synthetic substance designed to affect the subject physiologically or psychologically

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Controlled Substance

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Restricted by law

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Controlled Substances Act

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1970; lists illegal drugs and their catagory

Penalty for possession, sale, and use

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PDR

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Physician's Desk Reference; used for identification of drugs

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Field Tests

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Presumptive tests (car pulled over, etc.)

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Laboratory Tests

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Conclusive tests

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Hallucinogens

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Affect the user's perceptions, thinking, self-awareness, and emotions

Side effects: Increased heart rate and blood pressure; panic attacks; anxiety; psychosis

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Stimulants

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Increase feelings of energy and alertness while decreasing appetite

Highly addictive

Depression as drug wears off

Side effects: High blood pressure, weight loss, agitation, confusion, seizures

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Anabolic Steroids

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Produced in a laboratory and have chemical structure similar to testosterone

Promote growth of cells, tissue, bone mass, and muscle

Side effects: Brain cancer, muscular problems, psychosis

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Depressants

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Act on central nervous system and increase activity of GABA (neurotransmitter)

Drowsiness and slow brain activity; relieves anxiety and produces sleep

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Microcrystalline Test

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A reagant is added that produces a crystalline precipitate unique to the drug

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Spectrometry

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UV visible and infrared

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Marquis

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A presumptive test that turns purple in the prescence of opium and orange/brown with amphetamines

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Dillie-Koppany

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Turns violet/blue in presence of barbiturates

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Doquenois-Levine

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Turns purple in presence of marijuana

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Van Urke

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Turns purple in presence of LSD

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Scott Test

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Turns blue in presence of cocaine

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Tetanus

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"Lockjaw," Clostridium tetani, violent muscle spasms

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Botulism

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Clostridium botulinum, paralyzes muscles, most poisonous biological substance

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Ricin

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Poisonous protein in castor bean; lethal; inhaled, injected, or injected

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Anthrax

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Spread by infected animals; enters by inhalation, ingestion, and absorption; deadly