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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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SNS
Neurotransmitter of preganglionic neurons |
acetylcholine
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SNS
Effects of increased activity of preganglionic neurons. |
increased activation of nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons and adrenomedullary chromaffin cells; enhanced release of norepinephrine and epinephrine respectively
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SNS
Neurotransmitter of postganglionic neurons |
norepinephrine
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SNS
Effects of increased activity of post ganglioc neurons and epinephrine release from adrenal |
increase activation of alpha and beta adrenoceptors on target cells
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Actions of SNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of A-adrenoceptors Arteriol smooth muscle |
constriction (alpha-1)
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Actions of SNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of A-adrenoceptors Genitourniary smooth muscle |
contraction (alpha-1)
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Actions of SNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of A-adrenoceptors Intestinal Smooth Muscle |
relaxation (Alpha1/k+channels)
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Actions of SNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of A-adrenoceptors Radial Muscle of Eye |
contraction (alpha-1)
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Actions of SNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of A-adrenoceptors Liver |
Increased glycogenolysis (alpha-1)
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Actions of SNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of A-adrenoceptors Pancreatic islet beta cells |
decreased insulin secretion (alpha-2)
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Actions of SNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of A-adrenoceptors Prejunctional neurons |
decreased release of norepineprine (alpha-2)
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Actions of SNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of B-adrenoceptors Arteriol Smooth Muscle |
relaxation (beta-2)
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Actions of SNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of B-adrenoceptors Bronchiolar Smooth Muscle |
relaxation (beta-2)
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Actions of SNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of B-adrenoceptors Intestinal Smooth Muscle |
relaxation (beta-2)
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Actions of SNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of B-adrenoceptors Uterine Smooth Muscle |
relaxation (beta-2)
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Actions of SNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of B-adrenoceptors Ciliary Muscle of Eye |
relaxation (beta-2)
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Actions of SNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of B-adrenoceptors Spleen Capsule |
relaxation (beta-2)
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Actions of SNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of B-adrenoceptors Skeletal Muscle |
increased potassium uptake (beta-2)
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Actions of SNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of B-adrenoceptors Liver |
increased glyocgenolysis (beta-2)
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Actions of SNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of B-adrenoceptors Pancreatic islet beta cells |
increased insulin secretion (beta-2)
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Actions of SNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of B-adrenoceptors Heart SA Node |
increased heart rate (beta-1)
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Actions of SNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of B-adrenoceptors Heart Atrial Muscle |
increase contractile force (beta-1)
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Actions of SNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of B-adrenoceptors Heart ventricular muscle |
increased contractile force (beta-1)
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Actions of SNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of B-adrenoceptors Heart His-Purkinje Cells |
increased conduction velocity and automaticity (beta-1)
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Actions of SNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of B-adrenoceptors Heart Atrial Muscle |
increased contractile force (beta-1)
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Actions of SNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of B-adrenoceptors Kidney juxtaglomerular cells |
increased renin secretion (beta-1)
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Potency of Epinephrine verus Norepineprine Alpha-1
NE=Postganglionic Neuron EPI=In Blood Adrenal Chromaffin |
NE greater than or = EPI
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Potency of Epinephrine verus Norepineprine Alpha-2
NE=Postganglionic Neuron EPI=In Blood Adrenal Chromaffin |
NE greater than EPI
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Potency of Epinephrine verus Norepineprine Beta-1
NE=Postganglionic Neuron EPI=In Blood Adrenal Chromaffin |
NE less than or = EPI
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Potency of Epinephrine verus Norepineprine Beta-2
NE=Postganglionic Neuron EPI=In Blood Adrenal Chromaffin |
NE alot less than EPI
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NE vs. EPI Implications 1
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sympathetic nerves (NE) increased bllod pressure by promoting vasoconstriction (Alpha-1)
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NE vs. EPI Implications 2
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there is no alpha control of heart or force, or renin secretion
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NE vs. EPI Implications 3
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alpha and beta receptor stimulation generally have opposite effects on smooth muscle tone and insulin secretion, but similar effects on hepatic glycogenolysis
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Neurotransmitter of preganglionic neurons |
acetylcholine
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Effects of increased activity of preganglionic neurons |
increased activation of nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons; enhanced release of neurotransmitter from the postganglionic neurons
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Neurotransmitter of postganglionic neurons |
acetylcholine
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Effects of of increased activity of postganglionic neurons |
increased activation of muscarinic receptors on target cells
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Actions of PNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of Muskarinic Receptors Vascular Smooth Muscle with Endothelium removed |
contraction (M1 in smooth muscle)
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Actions of PNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of Muskarinic Receptors Vascular smooth muscle with endothelium intact |
relaxation (M1 on endothelium releasing nitric oxide)
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Actions of PNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of Muskarinic Receptors Gastrointestinal smooth muscle |
contraction (M1)
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Actions of PNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of Muskarinic Receptors Bronchiolar Smooth Muscle |
contraction (M1)
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Actions of PNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of Muskarinic Receptors Sphincter Muscle of the Eye |
contration (M1)
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Actions of PNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of Muskarinic Receptors Ciliary Moscle of the Eye |
contraction (M1)
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Actions of PNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of Muskarinic Receptors Bronchial Glands |
increased secretion (M1)
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Actions of PNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of Muskarinic Receptors Gastrointestinal Glands |
increased secretion (M1)
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Actions of PNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of Muskarinic Receptors Pancreatic digestive Enzymes |
increased secretion (M1)
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Actions of PNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of Muskarinic Receptors Salivary Glands |
increased secretion (M1)
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Actions of PNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of Muskarinic Receptors Lacrimal Glands |
increased secretion (M1)
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Actions of PNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of Muskarinic Receptors Nasopharyngeal Glands |
increased secretion (M1)
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Actions of PNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of Muskarinic Receptors Heart SA Node |
decreased contraction frequency (M2)
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Actions of PNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of Muskarinic Receptors Heart AV Node |
decreased conduction velocity (M2)
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Actions of PNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of Muskarinic Receptors Heart Atrial Muscle |
decreased contractile force (M2)
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Actions of PNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of Muskarinic Receptors Urinary and gastrointestinal Sphincters |
relaxation (M2)
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Actions of PNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of Muskarinic Receptors Implication 1 |
The actions of the PNS on a taregt organ are generally opposite to those of the sympathetic nervous system (e.g. heart SA Node, Bronchioles, gastrointestinal tract)
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Actions of PNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of Muskarinic Receptors Implication 2 |
The PNS (vs SNS) has dominent influence (simulatory) on glandular secretion throughout the body
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Actions of PNS on Target Cells
Stimulation of Muskarinic Receptors Implication 3 |
There Is no Significant parasympathetic control of ventricular muscle contration or vascular smooth muscle tone.
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Alpha Adrenoceptor Agonist Drugs
Pharmacological effects (4 Total) |
1. Local vasoconstriction (decreased local blood flow)
2. Systemic arteriolar constriction (increased systemic blood pressure) 3. Increased hepatic glycogenolysis 4. Inhibition of insulin secretion (tendancy towards hyperglycemia) |
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Alpha Adrenoceptor Agonist Drugs
Adverse Effects (4 Total) |
1. Ischemia
2. Hypertension 3. Increased risk of angine (myocardial infarction & stroke) 4. Hyperglycemia in sensitive patients |
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Alpha Adrenoceptor Agonist Drugs
Therapuetic Uses (2 Total) |
1. Vasoconstriction for nasal or corneal congestion
2. Local Anesthetic Preparations |
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Ephedrine
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Alpha Adrenoceptor Agonist Drug
Beta Adrenoceptor Agonist Drug |
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Pseudoephedrine
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Alpha Adrenoceptor Agonist Drug
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Phenylephrine
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Alpha Adrenoceptor Agonist Drug
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Methoxamine
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Alpha Adrenoceptor Agonist Drug
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Metaraminol
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Alpha Adrenoceptor Agonist Drug
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Tetrahydrozoline
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Alpha Adrenoceptor Agonist Drug
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Mitodrine
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Alpha Adrenoceptor Agonist Drug
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Norephineprine
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Alpha Adrenoceptor Agonist Drug
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Epinephrine
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Alpha Adrenoceptor Agonist Drug
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Alpha Adrenoceptor antagonist drugs (alpha-blockers)
Pharmacological Effects (3 Total) |
1. Local Vasoldilation (increased blood flow)
2. Sytemic vasoldilation (decreased blood pressure) 3. Increase insulin secretion (tendancy towards hypoglycemia) |
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Alpha Adrenoceptor antagonist drugs (alpha-blockers)
Adverse Affects (5 Total) |
1. Relfex Tachycardia
2. Fluid Retention (due to increased renin secretion and decreased renal blood flow) 3. Postural Hypotension 4. Precipitation of Angine (secondary to systemic hypotension with tachycardia) 5. hypoglycemia in sensitive patients. |
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Alpha Adrenoceptor antagonist drugs (alpha-blockers)
Therapuetic Uses (4 Total) |
1. Hypertension
2. Pheochromocytoma 3. CHF 4. Benign prostatic hyperplasia. |
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Prazosin
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Alpha Adrenoceptor antagonist drug (alpha-blocker)
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Terazosin
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Alpha Adrenoceptor antagonist drug (alpha-blocker)
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Doxazosin
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Alpha Adrenoceptor antagonist drug (alpha-blocker)
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Trimazosin
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Alpha Adrenoceptor antagonist drug (alpha-blocker)
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Phenoxybenzamine
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Alpha Adrenoceptor antagonist drug (alpha-blocker)
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Indoramin
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Alpha Adrenoceptor antagonist drug (alpha-blocker)
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Phentolamine
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Alpha Adrenoceptor antagonist drug (alpha-blocker)
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Tolazoline
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Alpha Adrenoceptor antagonist drug (alpha-blocker)
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Beta Adrenoceptor Agonist Drugs
Pharmacological Effects (9 Total) |
1. Bronchodilation
2. Local Vasodilation 3. Systemic Arteriolar Dilation (tendancy towards drop in BP) 4. Positive Chronotropic Effect (tachycardia or increased heart rate) 5. Postive intropic Effect (increased contractile force) 6. Positive Demotropic Effect (increased velocity of HR impulses) 7. Increased Renin Production 8. Increase Lypolysis (release of fat from adipose tissue) 9. Stimulation of K uptake by skelatal muscle (tending toward hypokalemia) |
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Beta Adrenoceptor Agonist Drugs
Therapeutic Uses (3 Total) |
1. Asthma
2. Anaphalaxis (EPI Only) 3. Cardiac Arrest (EPI) |
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Beta Adrenoceptor Agonist Drugs
Adverse Effects (5 Total) |
1. Severe tachycardia
2. increased risk of angina 3. Cardiac arrhythmias 4. Cardiac Muscle Damage 5. Skelatal Muscle Tremors |
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Terbutaline
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Beta Adrenoceptor Agonist Drug
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Metaproterenol
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Beta Adrenoceptor Agonist Drug
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Albuterol
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Beta Adrenoceptor Agonist Drug
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Isoetharine
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Beta Adrenoceptor Agonist Drug
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Perbuterol
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Beta Adrenoceptor Agonist Drug
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Fenoterol
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Beta Adrenoceptor Agonist Drug
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Salmeterol
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Beta Adrenoceptor Agonist Drug
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Isoproterenol
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Beta Adrenoceptor Agonist Drug
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Beta Adrenoceptor Antagonists (Beta-Blockers)
Pharmacological Effects (9 Total) |
1. Bronchoconstriction
2. Local Vasoconstriction (Decreased Blood Flow) 3. Systemic Arteriolar Constriction (Working against overall antihypertensive action) 4.Negative Chronotropic Effect (bradycardia) 5. Negative Inotropic Effect(Decreased cardiac contractile force) 6. Negative Dromotropic Effect (decreased heart conduction velocity) 7. Decreased Renin production 8. Decreased Lipolysis 9. Decreased Insulin production (hyperglycemia) |
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Beta Adrenoceptor Antagonists (Beta-Blockers)
Therapeutic Uses (5 Total) |
1. Hypertension (mainly due to decreased renin production and negative inotropic action-in spite of vasoconstriction)
2. Angina 3.Cardiac Arrhythmias 4. CHF 5. Glaucoma and Anxiety |
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Beta Adrenoceptor Antagonists (Beta-Blockers)
Adverse Effects (8 Total) |
1. Severe Bradycardia
2. Severe Cardiac Weakness 3. Diminished AV Nodal Conduction( Partial to complete AV block) 4. Brochoconstriction 5. Adverse Blood Lipid Profile 6. Rebound hyperglycemia 7. Hypertension 8. Angina and Cardiac arrythmias |
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Propranolol
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Beta Adrenoceptor Antagonist (Beta-Blocker)
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Nadolol
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Beta Adrenoceptor Antagonist (Beta-Blocker)
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Timolol
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Beta Adrenoceptor Antagonist (Beta-Blocker)
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Pindolol
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Beta Adrenoceptor Antagonist (Beta-Blocker)
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Labetalol
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Beta Adrenoceptor Antagonist (Beta-Blocker)
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Carvedilol
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Beta Adrenoceptor Antagonist (Beta-Blocker)
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Metoprolol
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Beta Adrenoceptor Antagonist (Beta-Blocker)
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Atenolol
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Beta Adrenoceptor Antagonist (Beta-Blocker)
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Esmolol
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Beta Adrenoceptor Antagonist (Beta-Blocker)
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Acebutolol
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Beta Adrenoceptor Antagonist (Beta-Blocker)
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonists or anticholinesterases (Parasympathomimetic agents; cholinomimetics, cholinergic agents)
Pharmacological Effects- Muscarinic (12 Total) |
1. Vasodilation
2. Bradycardia 3. Partial AV block(-dromotropy) 4. Increased Secretions of bronchial, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, salivary, lacrimal and sweat glands 5. Bronchoconstriction 6. Miosis(decrease pupil size) |
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonists or anticholinesterases (Parasympathomimetic agents; cholinomimetics, cholinergic agents)
Pharmacological Effects-Nicotinic Receptors (3 Total) |
1.Hyperactivity and fasciculations of skelatal muscles
2.Epinephrine secretion 3.Gangliotic activity |
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonists or anticholinesterases (Parasympathomimetic agents; cholinomimetics, cholinergic agents)
Adverse Effects- All Agents (8 Total) |
1. Severe Bradycardia
2. Glandular hypersecretion 3. Complete AV Block 4. Severe Hypotension 5. Gastrointestinal distress 6. Bronchoconstriction 7. Marked Miosis 8. Sweating |
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonists or anticholinesterases (Parasympathomimetic agents; cholinomimetics, cholinergic agents)
Adverse Effects- Indirect Agents (2 Total) |
1. Muscle fasciculations possibly progressing to paralysis
2. CNS confusion and convulsions |
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonists or anticholinesterases (Parasympathomimetic agents; cholinomimetics, cholinergic agents)
Therapeutic Uses- All Agents (4 Total) |
1. Gastric Atony
2. Urinary Retention 3. Salivary Hyposecretion 4. Miotic agents for acute narrow glaucoma |
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonists or anticholinesterases (Parasympathomimetic agents; cholinomimetics, cholinergic agents)
Therapeutic Uses- Indirect Agents (4 Total) |
1. Myasthenia Gravis
2. Prophylaxis against nerve poisoning and atropine-like poisoning in mushrooms 3. Alzheimer's Disease (tacrine and metrifonate) |
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Methacholine
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonist
Direct Acting Muscarinic Agonists |
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Carbamylcholine
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonist
Direct Acting Muscarinic Agonists |
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Bethanechol
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonist
Direct Acting Muscarinic Agonists |
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Pilocarpine
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonist
Direct Acting Muscarinic Agonists |
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Muscarine
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonist
Direct Acting Muscarinic Agonists |
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Arecoline
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonist
Direct Acting Muscarinic Agonists |
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Physiostigmine
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonist
In-Direct Acting Anticholinesterase |
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Neostigmine
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonist
In-Direct Acting Anticholinesterase |
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Edrophonium
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonist
In-Direct Acting Anticholinesterase |
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Pyridostigmine
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonist
In-Direct Acting Anticholinesterase |
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Demecarium
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonist
In-Direct Acting Anticholinesterase |
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Ambenonium
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonist
In-Direct Acting Anticholinesterase |
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Tacrine
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonist
In-Direct Acting Anticholinesterase |
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Metrifonate
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonist
In-Direct Acting Anticholinesterase |
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Organophosphate
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonist
In-Direct Acting Anticholinesterase |
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Insecticides
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Muscarinic Receptor Agonist
In-Direct Acting Anticholinesterase |
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Muskarinic Receptor Antagonists (antimuscarinics, anticholinergics, parasympatholytics)
Pharmacological Effects (6 Total) |
1. Tachycardia
2. Increase Conduction velocity in the AV node 3. Bronchodilation 4. Inhibition of gastic, salivary, lacrimal,sweat gland, and bronchial secretions 5. Inhibiton of Gastrointestinal Tone and Motility 6. Mydriasis |
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Muskarinic Receptor Antagonists (antimuscarinics, anticholinergics, parasympatholytics)
Adverse Effects (5 Total) |
1. Xerostemia (Dry Mouth)
2. Tachycardia 3. Sedation 4. Mydriasis 5. Blurred Vision |
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Muskarinic Receptor Antagonists (antimuscarinics, anticholinergics, parasympatholytics)
Therapeutic Uses (10) |
1. Mydriatic agents (eye exam)
2. Second Degree AV blocking 3. Motion Sickness 4. Organophosphate poisoning 5. Salivary Hypersecretion 6. Preoperative medication for antisecretory and dialating actions in lung and and anti-bradycardiac effects during surgery. 7. Asthma 8. Peptic Ulcers 9. Parkinsonism 10. Antispasmodic on Urinary, gastrointestinal, and bilairy tract. |
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Atropine
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Muskarinic Receptor Antagonist
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Scopolamine
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Muskarinic Receptor Antagonist
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Homatropine
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Muskarinic Receptor Antagonist
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Ipratropine
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Muskarinic Receptor Antagonist
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tiotropium
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Muskarinic Receptor Antagonist
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Pirenzepine
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Muskarinic Receptor Antagonist
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Telenzepine
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Muskarinic Receptor Antagonist
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Pirenzepine
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Muskarinic Receptor Antagonist
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Telenzepine
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Muskarinic Receptor Antagonist
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Cyclopentolate
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Muskarinic Receptor Antagonist
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Tropicamide
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Muskarinic Receptor Antagonist
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Benztropine
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Muskarinic Receptor Antagonist
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Trihexyphenidyl
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Muskarinic Receptor Antagonist
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Diclomine
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Muskarinic Receptor Antagonist
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Oxyphencylimine
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Muskarinic Receptor Antagonist
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Flavoxate
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Muskarinic Receptor Antagonist
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Oxybutynin
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Muskarinic Receptor Antagonist
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Drugs Stimulating Autonomic Ganglia Parasympathetic
Actions Part1 (3 Total) |
Due to the stimulation of neuronal-type nicontinic receptors on postganglionic neurons in Parasympathetic Ganglia
1. Increased Glandular Secretion 2. Urinary Bladder Contraction 3. Increased Motility Miosis and bradycardia |
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Drugs Stimulating Autonomic Ganglia Sympathetic
Actions Part 2 (5 Total) |
Due to the stimulation of neuronal-type nicontinic receptors on postganglionic neurons in Sympathetic Ganglia
1. Tachycardia 2. Increased cardiac contractile force 3. Vasoconstriction 4. Increased Blood Pressure 5. Mydriasis |
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Drugs Stimulating Autonomic Ganglia Net Effect
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A complex interaction between the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic activation
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Drugs Stimulating Autonomic Ganglia Mechanism
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Activation of neuronal type nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons and generation of excitatory postsynaptic potentials to generate full action potentials
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Tetramethylammonium
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Drugs Stimulating Autonomic Ganglia
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1,1 dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP)
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Drugs Stimulating Autonomic Ganglia
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Nicotine
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Drugs Stimulating Autonomic Ganglia
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Lobeline
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Drugs Stimulating Autonomic Ganglia
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Drugs That Block Autonomic Ganglia
Actions-Parasympathetic (4 Total) |
Due to blockade of neuronal-type nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons in parasympathetic ganglia;
1. Decreasedgladular secretion 2. Bladder Relaxation 3. Mydriasis 4. Tachycardia |
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Drugs That Block Autonomic Ganglia
Actions-Sympathetic (6 Total) |
Due to blockade of neuronal-type nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons in sympathetic ganglia;
1. Diminished release of Epinephrine from adrenal gland 2. Bradycardia 3.Decreased cardiac contractile force. 4. Vasodilation 5. Decreased Blood Pressure 6. Decrease motility and secretions 6. Urinary Bladder Contraction |
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Drugs That Block Autonomic Ganglia Net Effect
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Ussually depends on which branch of the automonit nervous system is dominant on the effector. S-Blockade: Vasodilation P-Blockade: Tachycardia, mydriasis, decreased motility and secretions, decreased glandular secretionsm urinary baldder relaxation.
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Drugs That Block Autonomic Ganglia Mechanism
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Blockade of nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons, interruption of ganglionic nerve transmission and decreased frequency of action potential generation.
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Drugs That Block Autonomic Ganglia Most Dangerous Side Effect
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Severe hypotension which can lead to shock.
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Hexamethonium
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Drugs That Block Autonomic Ganglia
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Trimethaphan
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Drugs That Block Autonomic Ganglia
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Mecamylamine
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Drugs That Block Autonomic Ganglia
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Drugs that Block Neuromuscular Transmission.
Action |
Interruption of neural transmisiion at the neuromuscular junction; inhibition ofmuscle movement including pulmonary ventilation
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Drugs that Block Neuromuscular Transmission.
Most Dangerous Side Effects |
Apnea that can be fatal. Malignant hyperthemia during surgery (depolarizing blocking agents)
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Drugs that Block Neuromuscular Transmission.
Mechanism Of Action Curaiform Drugs (3 Steps) |
Competitive neuromuscular blockers
1. These drugs compete with AcH for binding to muscle-type nicotinic receptors on skelatal muscle at the neuromuscular junction 2. Inhibiting activation by acetylcholinem 3. Resulting in a nondepolarizing blockade REMEMBER: Revesible with acetylcholinesterases |
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Drugs that Block Neuromuscular Transmission.
Mechanism Of Action Decamethonium and Succinylcholine |
Depolarizing Blockers
1. Early activation of muscle-type nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction 2. Leads to Persistentt depolarization of the muscle 3. Functional Blockade REMEMBER: Not Reversible |
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Tubocurarine
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Drugs that Block Neuromuscular Transmission
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Pancuronium
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Drugs that Block Neuromuscular Transmission
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Atracurium
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Drugs that Block Neuromuscular Transmission
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Mivacurium
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Drugs that Block Neuromuscular Transmission
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Pancuronium
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Drugs that Block Neuromuscular Transmission
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Rocuronium
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Drugs that Block Neuromuscular Transmission
|
|
|
Decamethonium
|
Drugs that Block Neuromuscular Transmission
|
|
|
Succinylcholine
|
Drugs that Block Neuromuscular Transmission
|
