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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Purpose of Root System (3) |
1. extend to find nutrients 2. anchor plant 3. grow to reduce competition |
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Purpose of Shoot System (3) |
1. support for elevation of leaves, flowers, buds 2. transport fluids 3. storage of nutrients |
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Types of tissues (3), and their purpose |
1. dermal --> protection 2. ground --> production & storage of nutrients 3. vascular--> transport nutrients & water |
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phloem |
transports sap driven by turgor pressure |
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xylem |
transports water using cohesion and adhesion |
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apical meristems |
cells at tip of each root and shoot |
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purpose of secondary growth in plants (2) |
1. increased flow 2. support |
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resting potential |
electric potential between inside and outside of membrane of a neuron during rest |
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action potential steps (4) |
1. depolarization opens Na+ channels rush inside through but close right after 2. makes the inside more positive 3. more positive charge causes Na+ channels to open (depolarization along axon) 4. after each opening, the K+ channels open to repolarize |
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what effects speed of action potential? (2) |
1. myelin sheath 2. size of axon |
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What happens at the synapse? (presynaptic + post) |
pre- action potential trigger release of neurotransmitters post- NT cause ion channels in membrane to open - ions cause change in membrane potential |
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Temporal summation |
lots of action potential from several synapses to axon hillock |
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spatial summation |
high frequency of action potentials in one synapse |
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what are the three species concepts? Explain each. |
1. Biological- look at gene similarities 2. morphological- look at appearance and structures 3. phylogenic- use trees and compare traits and find common ancestors |
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speciation |
splitting event that creates two or more species from a single ancestral species |
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Biologically reproductive isolating mechanisms (7) |
1. temporal 2. behavioral 3. mechanical 4. habitat 5. gametic barrier 6. hybrid sterility (can become adult but cant pass on genes) 7. hybrid viability (can't become adult) |
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allopatric speciation. what are the two types? |
gene flow between populations interrupted by geographic barrier 1. vicariance ex. river, mountain 2. dispersal ex. sm group leaves & forms new population |
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sympatric speciation |
same geogrpahic area |
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Types of selection & describe. (3) |
1. Stabilizing-- less variability, mirgates towards middle 2. directional-- heads to one allele 3. disruptive-- migrates towards the extremes of each allele |
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monophyletic group |
includes ALL decendants of ancestral species but no others |
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polyphyletic group |
includes groups from different monophyletic groups. ex. warm-blooded homoplasy includes both mammals and birds |
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difference between homology & homoplasy |
homoplasy has to do with convergent evolution; not bc ancestor but environmental pressures are shared homology- bc of common ancestor |
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Requirements for fossilization (4) |
1. decomposition slow 2. burial rapid 3. decomposition resistant (bones, pollen) 4. more abundant |
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Problems with move to land (4) |
1. H2O loss 2. UV radiation caused DNA damage 3. lack of support for upright growth 4. transporting water & nutrients 5. getting sperm & egg together |
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Structural adaptations of land plants (5) |
1. Cuticle- waxy layer prevents H2O loss 2. Stomata 3. Lignin- secondary cell wall 4. Vessels- water conducting cells 5. Gametangium- protects gametes from drying/ mechanical damage |
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bioremediation |
waste management uses organisms to remove pollutants from a contaminated site |
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purpose of fungi |
1. decomposer 2. parasites 3. antibiotics, yogurt, cheese |
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hyphae |
very long branches of single cells in fungi |
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mycellum |
body of the organism |
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mushroom |
reproductive structures |
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fairy ring |
large ring which surrounds the body of the fungus |
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What are the locations of the structures on fungus and why? |
reproductive structures (above ground)--- dispersal body of fungus (below ground)--- more food, protection |
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Challenges of fungal reproduction (2) |
1. genetic diversity 2. dispersal |
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Solutions to the challenges of fungal reproduction (4) |
1. produce sexually & asexually 2. produce huge amounts 3. dispersal through wind, water, animals 4. trigger for production: low resource availability |
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greenhouse effect |
incoming solar radiation is absorbed by earth's surface & radiated outward as infrared radiation. This outgoing heat radiation is partially reabsorbed by greenhouse gases & reflected back to earth's surface |
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Consequences of Climate change (3) |
1. extinctions 2. rising oceans levels--> habitat loss 3. Biomes move upward |
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Factors that have an affect of Climate change (4) |
1. population growth 2. economy development 3. local and global solutions 4. technology advances |
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biomes |
large-scale biological communities characterized by physical conditions |
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Name the 6 biomes. Describe temp & rainfall |
1. rainforest- high temp; high rain 2. arctic tundra- low varying temp; low rain 3. subtropical desert- high temp; low rain 4. boreal forest- low varying temp; low rain 5. temperate grassland- moderate varying temp/rain 6. temperate deciduous forest- moderate varying temp; moderate rain |
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Species richness |
number of species i a community |
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Describe relationship between species richness and community function |
positive relationship; as richness increases so does community function |
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Bioaccumulation
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chemical compounds (toxins) that are not excreted/metabolized can accumulate in an individual’s body
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Biomagnification
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the progressive increase in the concentration of toxins in organisms with increasing trophic levels
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carrying capacity (K) |
maximum population size that can be indefinitely supported by the environment
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density-dependent rate-limiting factors |
diseases |
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density-independent rate-limiting factors |
natural disasters except wild fires |
