Dppp 370 Ch 1-Review ?

Front 1

Describe the levels of cellular organization and state the four types of specialized cells and tissues.

Back 1

Classified according to function
Mucsle, epithelial, nervous, connective

Hint 1

Organs form systems, systems form groups of organs that function together to form an organism

Front 2

List the organ systems of the body and give one-sentence descriptions of their functions.

Back 2

Circulatory- transports blood
Digestive- digestion and absorption of nutrients and water
Endocrine- reg and coordination of many activities
Immune- defense against pathogens
Intedumentary- protects against injury, dehydration and foreign invaders
lymphatic- collects and returns fluid
Musculoskeletal- supports and protects the body and movement

Hint 2

Nervous-reg and coord. body activities, detects change internal and external environ. allows for cognition and learning
Reproductive- produces sperm/ produces eggs
Respiratory- exhange of O2/CO2 to and from cells and blood
Urinary- reg. plasma concent. of minerals and water excretes waste

Front 3

2 fluids that constitute extracellular fluid

Back 3

Plasma fluid portion of blood 20-25%
Interstitial fluid 75-80%

Front 4

State the relative volumes of water in the body fluid compartments

Back 4

water 55-60% normal body wieght
2/3 intracellular
1/3 extracellular

Front 5

Describe several important generalizations about homeostatic control systems

Back 5

Perform regulatory response to preseve relatively stable conditions of internal envrionment

Hint 5

a) Stability of an internal environmental variable- by balancing inputs and outputs
b) Nevagive feedmack- brings about a response that moves in direction opposite of original change- minimizes change from set point
c) homeostatic control systems minimize change in internal environment- not constant, but dynamic
d) can be reset- raised or lowered
e) hierarchy of importance for control

Front 6

Contrast feedforward and negative feedback

Back 6

feedforward- adaptive response in anticipation of a change in environment before homeostais is affected. minimizes fluctuations

Hint 6

Negative feedback- response that tends to be after there has been a chang in the environment- restores to normal set point

Front 7

Components of reflex arc

Back 7

Stimulus
Receptor
Afferent pathway
affector
Integration center
Effector
Response
Efferent pathway

Front 8

Difference between local homeostatic response and relfex arc

Back 8

In a reflex, nerves, or hormones act as the different efferent or afferent pathways. local repsonse- long distance control is not necessary

Front 9

List general categories for intercellular messangers

Back 9

neurotransmitter, hormone, and autorcrine/paracrine glands

Front 10

Describe conditions under whic acclimatizaton occur. In what period of life are they irreversible? Passed down to offspring?

Back 10

Improved ability to respond to environmental stress, over time. Irreversible in early life. Not genetic

Front 11

Under what circumstances can circadian ryhthms be free running?

Back 11

in the absence of cues- constant darkness or light

Front 12

How do phase shifts occur?

Back 12

When you shift to a different light/dark cycle

Front 13

What is the most important environmetal cue for entrainment of body rhythms?

Back 13

the light/dark cycle

Front 14

What are the three possible states of total-body balance of any chemical?

Back 14

Negative- loss is more than gain
Positive- gain is more than loss
Stable- if equal

Front 15

Describe electrical charge, mass and location fo the three major subatomic particles in an atom

Back 15

Proton-positive, in nucleus
Electron-negative, in orbital shells
Neutron- no charge, in nucleus

Front 16

Which 4 kinds of atoms are most abundant in the body?

Back 16

Hydrogen (63%)
Oxygen ( 26%)
Carbon (9%)
Nitrogen (1%)

Front 17

Describe distinguishing characteristics of the three classes of essential chemical elements found in the body

Back 17

Major-O, H, C, N 99.3%
7 essential minerals- mosted abundant substances dissolved in the body fluids
13 trace elements are present in small quantities but are essential for normal body functions

Front 18

How many covalent bonds can be formed by carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen

Back 18

Carbon= 4
Nitrogen= 3
Oxygen = 2
Hydrogen= 1

Front 19

What property of molecules allow then to change their 3D shape

Back 19

they are not rigid, they can rotate around thier covalent bonds to form different shapes

Front 20

Describe how an ion is formed

Back 20

When an atom eigher gains or loses one or more electrons
gain= cation
lose= anion

Front 21

draw the structures of an ionized carboxyl group and an ionoized amino group

Back 21

O
II
R - C - O
Carboxyl R-COO

Hint 21

Amino Acid R-NH3+
H
I+
R - N - H
I
H

Front 22

Define free radical

Back 22

Contains a single unpaired electron in outermost shell
highly reactive

Front 23

Describe polar characteristics ofa water molecule

Back 23

(+) (-) (+)
H O H
Hydrogen bonds are polar, oxygen has 8 times as many protons as H, it draws the shared electrons closer to it's nucleus

Front 24

What determines a molecules' solubility or lack of solubility in water?

Back 24

Soluble- polarized or ionized, must be hydrophilic
Insoluble- nonpolar, hydrophobic

Front 25

Describe organization of amphipatic molecues in water

Back 25

Hydrophilic heads clustered to outside and hydrophobic heads situated on inside away from water

Front 26

What is the molar concentration of 80 g glucose in 2L water?

Back 26

Molecular weight is 180 g/mole
180/80 g glucoes = .44 mole glucose/ 2L water = .22 mole/L

Front 27

What distinguishes a strong acid from a weak acid?

Back 27

Strong acids are completely ionized in water, weak acids are not

Front 28

What effect does increase in pH of a solution have upon the ionization of a carboxyl group?
amino acid

Back 28

alters the net electrical charge by shifting reaction to the right or left
when you add more H+ to weak acid and weak base it increases the ionization of the weak acid and decreases the ionization of the weak base

Front 29

Name 4 classes of organic molecules in the body

Back 29

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

Front 30

Describe the three subclasses of CHO

Back 30

monosaccharides- simple sugar
disaccharides- 2 monosaccharides bonded together
Polysaccharides- polymers of monosaccharides

Front 31

which subclass do these belong to?
glucose, sucrose, glycogen

Back 31

mono, di, polysaccharide

Front 32

What properties are characteristic of lipids?

Back 32

composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms
nonpolar low solubility in water

Front 33

Describe triglycerides

Back 33

"fat" 3 fatty acids to 3 glycerol

Front 34

Fatty acid

Back 34

chain of carbon and hydrogen with acidic hydroxyl group at one end. If all bonds are single covalent=saturated fat
If one or more double bonds H = unsaturated

Front 35

Phospholipids

Back 35

amphipathic form glycerol 2 bonded to 3 fatty acids
forms phospholipid bilayers of all cell membranes

Front 36

Steroids

Back 36

4 interconnected rings of carbon bound to H+

Front 37

Describe lingages between acids that form polypetide chains

Back 37

AA linked together with a carboxyl group of 1 AA and the amino group of another

Front 38

Difference between polypeptide and protein

Back 38

polypeptide < 50 AA
protein > 50 AA

Front 39

What two factors determine primary structure of a polypeptide chain?

Back 39

# of AA in chain
specific type and position of the AA in the chain

Front 40

Describe interactions that determine conformation of polypeptide chain?

Back 40

Determined by H+ bonds b/w proteins of chain or water
ionic bonds b/w polar and ionized regions along chain
attraction of nonpolar regions
covalent disulfide bonds linking sulfur containing side chains of two cystine AA
Van der waals forces-

Hint 40

H bonds b/w H linked to nitrogen in one peptid and oxygen in another occuring at regular interval forms alpha helix
H bonds b/w peptide bonds running parallel forms beta sheet

Front 41

which subclass do these belong to?
glucose, sucrose, glycogen

Back 41

mono, di, polysaccharide

Front 42

What properties are characteristic of lipids?

Back 42

composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms
nonpolar low solubility in water

Front 43

Describe triglycerides

Back 43

"fat" 3 fatty acids to 3 glycerol

Front 44

Fatty acid

Back 44

chain of carbon and hydrogen with acidic hydroxyl group at one end. If all bonds are single covalent=saturated fat
If one or more double bonds H = unsaturated

Front 45

Phospholipids

Back 45

amphipathic form glycerol 2 bonded to 3 fatty acids
forms phospholipid bilayers of all cell membranes

Front 46

Steroids

Back 46

4 interconnected rings of carbon bound to H+

Front 47

Describe lingages between acids that form polypetide chains

Back 47

AA linked together with a carboxyl group of 1 AA and the amino group of another

Front 48

Difference between polypeptide and protein

Back 48

polypeptide < 50 AA
protein > 50 AA

Front 49

What two factors determine primary structure of a polypeptide chain?

Back 49

# of AA in chain
specific type and position of the AA in the chain

Front 50

Describe interactions that determine conformation of polypeptide chain?

Back 50

Determined by H+ bonds b/w proteins of chain or water
ionic bonds b/w polar and ionized regions along chain
attraction of nonpolar regions
covalent disulfide bonds linking sulfur containing side chains of two cystine AA
Van der waals forces-

Hint 50

H bonds b/w H linked to nitrogen in one peptid and oxygen in another occuring at regular interval forms alpha helix
H bonds b/w peptide bonds running parallel forms beta sheet