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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a theory of Emotional Development?
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Temperament--biological differences
-Easy, difficult, slow to warm up |
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What are the theories of Language Development?
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-Nativist View
-Nurturist View -Interactionist View |
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Nativist View of Language Development
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-Norm Chomsky
-Language acquisition device--pre-wiring for language -Support--Children generally learn their native language without formal instruction |
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Nurturist View of Language Development
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-Language is acquired by means of interaction with environment through process of imitation and reinforcement
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Interactionist View of Language Development
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-Language results from combination of both nature and nurture
-Children have inborn mechanism for acquiring language, influenced by interactions with environment |
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What are the main theories of Cognitive Development?
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-Piaget's Stage Theory
-Vygotsky's Social Developmental Theory of Cognition |
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Piaget's Stage Theory
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-Children have innate capacity for adapting
-Sensorimotor Stage: 0-2, object permanence, symbolic representation -Preoperational Stage: 2-7, intuitive thinking, egocentrism, phenomentalistic causality, animalism, irreversibility, centration -Concrete Operational Stage: 7-11, operational thought, conservatism -Formal Operational Stage: 11-adulthood, metacognition, abstract concepts |
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Criticisms of Piaget's Stage Theory
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-Performance is sensitive to contextual influences
-Does not address cultural/educational differences, -Based on intense study of a few children. |
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Vygotsky's Social Developmental Theory of Cognition
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-Cognitive development results from social interaction
-Zone of proximal development: Distance between what child can do independently and what child can do with adult support -Scaffolding -Reciprocal teaching |
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What are the main theories of Moral Development?
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-Piaget's Theory of Moral Development
-Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Reasoning -Gilligan's Theory |
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Piaget's Theory of Moral Development
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-Children make sounder moral judgments when they have the ability to see things from more perspectives
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What are the two stages in Piaget's Theory of Moral Development?
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1. Heteronomous Morality: 5-10, rules are decided by authority figures and cannot be changed
2. Autonomous Morality: 10, flexibility, consider multiple perspectives |
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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Reasoning
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1. Preconventional Morality: 4-10, compliance to avoid punishment and to gain rewards; punishment-obedience orientation; instrumental hedonism
2. Conventional Morality: 10+, standards of society have been internalized; good boy/girl orientation; law and order orientation 3. Postconventional Morality: 13+, recognizes conflicts between morals and society; morality of contract, rights and laws, morality of principles and consequence |
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What are the criticisms of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Reasoning?
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-Lacks cultural sensitivity
-Biased toward Western individualistic view -Conducted with boys/ men only |
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Gilligan's Theory
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-Justice Perspective
-Caring Perspective |
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What are the criticisms of Gilligan's theory?
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-Criticized by Kohlberg's model for giving higher moral value to traditional male values (justice and fairness) than to female values (compassion and caring_
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What are the main theories of Personality Development?
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-Freud's Theory
-Erikson's Theory -Mahler's Theory -Levinson's Theory |
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Explain Freud's Theory of Personality Development
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-Focused on childhood and libido theory
-1 year: Oral -1-3: Anal -3-5/6: Phallic -5/6-12: Latency -12-18: Genital |
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Explain Erikson's Theory of Personality Development
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-Erikson saw developmental potentials at all stages in life
-1st year: Trust vs. Mistrust (strength: hope) -1-3: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (strength: will) -3-5/6: Initiative vs. Guilt (strength: purpose) -5/6-12: Industry vs. Inferiority (strength: competence) -12-18: Identity vs. Role Confusion (strength: fidelity) -18-35: Intimacy vs. Isolation (strength: Love) -35-60: Generativity vs. Stagnation (strength: care) -60+: Integrity vs. Despair (strength: wisdom) |
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Explain Mahler's Theory of Personality Development
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-Process of separation and individualism
-1 month: Normal infantile autism -2-4 months: Symbiosis -5-10 months: Differentiation -6-10 months: Practicing -16-24 months: Rapprochement 2-3 years: Object constancy |
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Explain Levinson's Theory of Personality Development
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-Based his theory on interviews with 40 men, excludes people of lower SES and women
-Suggest that woman's role is to fulfill her husband's dreams |
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What are the main theories of Social Development?
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-Harlow
-Bowlby -Ainsworth |
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Explain Harlow's Theory of Social Development
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-1950's
-Monkeys with wire and cloth surrogate mothers -Monkeys preferred cloth surrogates even if feeding was done by wire surrogates |
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Explain Bowlby's Theory of Social Development
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-Attachment theory based on Darwinian view
-Protest, despair, detachment |
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Explain Ainsworth's Theory of Social Development
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-1978, strange situation procedure (how infants behave around attachment figure
-Secure Attachment: Child seeks closeness to mother and is happy upon return, parent is sensitive and responsive -Avoidant Attachment: Child does not seek closeness to mother, rarely cries, and ignores her, parent is aloof, intrusive, or overstimulating -Ambivalent Attachment: Cry when mother leaves but then squirms to get away, parent is inconsistent -Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment: Child shows fear/confusion, mild abuse |
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What are the main theories of Parenting Styles and Development?
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-Baumrind's Theory
-Authoritarian: Demand, control, punish, children become moody, aggressive and irritable -Permissive: Few limits and demands, children become minimally compliant and have poor self-control -Authoritative: Care, reasonable, children become confident, independent |
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What is the criticism of Baumrind's Theory of Parenting Styles and Development?
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-Parent's behavior may be due to child's temperament
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What are the behavioral models for understanding human development (including language development, choice behaviors, and lifespan patterns)?
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-Connectionism (Thorndike)
-Operant Learning (Skinner) -Social Learning (Bandura) |
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Give an overview of Thorndike's Connectionism model
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-Original S-R framework
-Learning is a result of associations formed between stimuli and responses -Trial and error learning -Learning can be explained without referring to any unobservable internal states -Consists of 3 primary laws: 1. Law of affect (responses followed by R+ are strengthened) 2. Law of readiness (series of responses may be chained together to reach goal) 3. Law of exercise (connections are strengthened with practice) |
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What is the Scope/Application of Thorndike's Connectionism Model?
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-Meant to be a general theory
-Thorndike interested in applying to math, spelling, reading, intelligence measurement, adult learning |
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Example of Thorndike's Connectonism Model
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-Cat learning to escape puzzle box by pressing lever
-Law of exercise specifies that connection established because S-R pairing occurred many times and was rewarded (Law of Effect) and formed single sequence (Law of Readiness) |
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What are the principles of Thorndike's Connectionism Model?
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-Learning requires practice and rewards
-S-R connections can be chained together -Transfer of learning occurs because of previously encountered situation -Intelligence is a function of # of connections learned |
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Give an overview of Skinner's Operant Learning
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-Behavior is the result of an individual's response to stimuli in environment
-Operant conditioning view suggests that individuals can emit responses instead of only eliciting responses due to external stimulus -Reinforcement an punishment are key elements -Attempts to provide behavioral explanations for broad phenomena (motivation, verbal learning, language, free will, social control) |
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What is the Scope/Application of Skinner's Operant Learning?
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Clinical settings, teaching, instructional development
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Example of Skinner's Operant Learning
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Teaching: Practice should take form of question (stimulus)--answer (response), provide immediate feedback, gradual steps so learner is able to provide correct response and contact reinforcement
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What are the Principles of Skinner's Operant Learning?
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-Behavior that is positively reinforced will reoccur
-Information should be presented gradually so that responses may be shaped and reinforced -Reinforcements will generalize across similar stimuli (stimulus generalizations) -Producing secondary conditioning |
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Give an overview of Bandura's Social Learning
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Emphasizes importance of observing and modeling, explains behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction, spans cognitive and behavioral framework, component processes are as follows:
-Attention -Retention -Motor reproduction -Motivation |
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What is the Scope/Application of Bandura's Social Learning Theory?
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Applied to understanding aggression
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Give an example of Bandura's Social Learning Theory
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Television Commercials
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What are the principles of Bandura's Social Learning Theory?
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-Highest level of observational learning is achieved by organizing and rehearsing the modeled behavior symbolically, then enacting it overtly
-People are more likely to adopt modeled behavior if it results in outcomes they value -People are more likely to adopt modeled behavior if the model is similar to the observer, has admired status, or if behavior has functional value |
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Developmental Milestones of Prenatal Development
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-Germinal Period: Conception to two weeks, zygote rapidly divides and implants
-Embryonic Period: Two weeks to 8-12 weeks; rapid development of organs -Fetal Period: 8-12 weeks to birth, develops more complexity |
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Sensory Development During Infancy and Childhood
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-Reflexes during first year (Moro/Startle, Rooting, Babinski, Grasp)
-Sensory Development: Touch and Pain (first to develop, can feel pain on first day of life), Taste (infants prefer sweet), Hearing (well developed at birth), Smell (well developed at birth), Vision (not well developed at birth, narrow, poor color perception, lacks depth perception, can imitate facial expressions at 2-3 weeks, social smile at 2-months |
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Motor Development During Infancy and Childhood
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-6 weeks: Keeping head erect
-2-3 months: Rolling over -6-7 months: Sitting alone -7-8 months: Crawling, standing with support -11 months: Standing alone -11-13 months: First step/walking alone -16 months: Walking up steps -Motor skills develop rapidly during preschool years (jumping, running, skipping) |
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Brain Development During Infancy and Childhood
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-Develops faster than any other body part during prenatal period and first 2 years of life
-AT birth the brain is 25-33% of its adult size, at age 2 it is 75%, at age 5 it is 90%, at birth it has the majority of neurons it will ever have -Brain development occurs as neurons grow in size, develop more axons and dendrites and increase connections -Synaptic connections strengthen in response to experiences -Brain has capacity for plasticiy -By middle childhood hippocampus development is complete -Some brain development does continue beyond childhood (mylenation continues through 20s, enhancing processing speed, attention span, and frontal lobe development) |
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Stages of Language Development
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-Crying
-Cooing (6w-3m) -Babbling (6m-10m) -Word comprehension (9m-10m) -Echolalia (deliberate imitation of sounds, 9m-10m) -Holophrasic Speech (first word between 10m-14m, stage lasts from 12m-18m, use single word/sound to express needs, from the phoneme "da" to the morpheme "daddy," 15m--10 words, 18m--50 words) -Telegraphic Speech (18m-24m--200 words, put 2+ words together) |
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Developmental Milestones in Human Cognitive Development
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-Object permanence at 7- months
-Coordinate action sequences to achieve goals at 7-9 months -Deferred imitation at 9 months -Symbolic play at 12-20 months -At 12 months babies can categorize objects and can create categories at age 2 |
