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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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kidney absorbs:
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glucose
aa water na K What % of glucose and water? |
100% glucose
85% water |
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vasopressin is made in
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hypothalamus.
stored in? |
pituitary
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vasopressin aka
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ADH
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how does ADH/vasopressin work?
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increases water reabsorption from distal and collecting tubules
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renin is secreted from?
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glomerulus.
Affect? |
stimulates aldosterone.
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how aldosterone works?
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increases Na absorption
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daily fixed solute load of:
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600 mOsm
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fluid vol needed to dilute urine, and vol of urine produced each day.
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1.5 - 2 L/day to dilute
>2.5 L produced per day |
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diet for Calcium oxalate stones.
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adequate Ca intake. Low oxalte (40 - 50 mg) intake.
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oxalates found in:
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strawberries
tea chocolate nuts beets dark greens |
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eating an alkaline ash diet:
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increase cations (Ca, Na, K and Mg)
veg fruit milk |
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why eat alkaline ash diet?
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to prevent ACIDIC stones
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acid ash diet:
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(to prevent alkaline stones)
increase anions. (Cl, Ph, Su) corn meat fish fowl eggs cereal plums prunes cranberries |
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ARF can be cause by
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trauma
burns dehydration (severe) |
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protein for ARF
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0.6 g/kg
if on dialysis or catabolic: 1.2 - 1.5 g/kg |
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nutrients in ARF:
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8 - 15 mg/kg phosphorus
2-3 g Potassium |
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fluids in ARF:
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replace fluid OP from yesterday + 500 ml
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why hyperlipidemia in nephrosis?
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increased synthesis and decreased clearance of VLDL
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protein intake in nephrosis:
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.8-.9 g/kg
75% from HBV |
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kcal in nephrosis
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35 kcal/kg. lots of complex CHOs
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fluids in nephrosis:
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restrict if edema
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Na in nephrosis:
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3g/day or less. depends on HTN and edema
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nutrients in nephrosis:
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phos 12 mg/kg/day
calcium 1 - 1.5 g |
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kcal in nephrosis
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35 kcal/kg
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CHO is nephrosis?
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high in complex CHOs
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kcal for stages 1-3 in CKD?
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based on energy expenditure
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kcal for stage 4-5 CKD?
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30 - 35 kcal/kg
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sodium in ckd?
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if edema present, only 2-3 g or NAS
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GFR decreased and protein
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<50 ml/min : 0.6 - 0.8 g/kg (must have no uremic symptoms)
<20 ml/min: 0.3 - 0.5 |
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<50 ml/min is what stage ckd?
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stages 1-3
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<20 ml/min what ckd stage?
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stages 4 - 5
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phos in ckd?
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stage 1-2: only restrict if >4.6
stage 3-5: 10-12 mg/kg DBW |
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potassium in ckd?
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don't restrict unless it's elevated and urine OP is <1 L/day
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ckd fluids:
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not restricted
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giovanetti diet used when?
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ESRD
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ESRD protein?
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20 g HBV.
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HD protein, kcals, fat
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1.2g/kg (at least 50% HBV)
30 - 35 kcal/kg <30% fat |
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fluids in HD:
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>1 L urine: 2-4 g Na + 2 L fluid
<1 L urine: 2 g Na and 1 - 1.5 L fluid |
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Ca in HD:
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1000-1800mg Ca
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phos intake in HD:
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8000 - 1000 mg phos (17 mg/kg IBW)
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2 hrs after eating, bloog glc should be:
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<140
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impaired fasting blood glucose is:
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100 - 125
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impaired glc tolerance 2 hr after meal:
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140 - 199
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DM fasting blood glc is:
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>126
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DM GTT is:
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>200
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DM HbA1c:
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>6.5%
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normal hba1c
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<5.7%
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normal hba1c in 65 yo
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<7%
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normal hba1c in frail elderly:
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<8%
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hba1c at risk for developing DM:
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5.7 - 6.4%
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DM is:
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symptoms of DM +
casual glc >200 |
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when exercise is planned in type 1 DM:
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reduce insulin
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GDM bmi risk factor?
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>30
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when is GTT? for GDM?
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24 - 28 wks
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how many g glc in GDM GTT?
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50 g glc.
undesirable results? |
>140
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CHO for preg?
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175 g
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low GI foods?
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legums
milk nuts pasta ice cream yogurt |
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cheese pizza exchanges
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2 starch
2 med fat meats 1 fat |
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mixed dishes CHO exchanges:
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2 starch
2 med fat meats |
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rapid acting insulin:
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Aspart (novolog)
Lispro (Humalog) |
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long acting insulin:
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Glargine (Lantus)
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rapid acting insulin onset time:
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10 - 15 min
usual duration? |
4 hrs
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short acting (regular) insulin onset time?
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30 - 60 min.
duration? |
3-6 hrs
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one unit of insulin covers how many CHOs?
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10 - 15 g
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intermediate acting insulin onset time?
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2-4 hrs.
duration? |
10 - 18 hrs
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long acting insulin onset time:
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1 hr
duration? |
24 hrs
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NPH insulin is:
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intermediat insulin
10 - 18 hrs |
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insulin secretagogues:
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sulfonylureas
meglitinides (glucocontrol how do they work: |
promote insulin secretion.
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biguanides are:
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metformin (Glucophage).
how they work? |
enhance insulin action
decrease hepatic glc production |
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thiazolidinediones are:
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Actos
Avandia how they work? |
decrease insulin resistance.in peripheral tissues.
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alpha glucosidase in hibitors are:
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acarbose
precose how they work: |
inhibit enzymes that digest carbohydrates
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exanatide is for:
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type 2 DM
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pramlintide is for:
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type 1 and 2 DM
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important dka symptom to know:
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dehydration (due to polyuria)
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treatment of dka
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rehydration and insulin
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addison's dx:
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adrenal cortex insuffieicney.
what's lacking? |
cortisol
aldosterone androgenic |
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effect of low cortisol
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hypoglycemia
glycogen depletion |
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effects of low aldosterone?
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decreased Na
K retention dehydration |
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effects of low androgenic?
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tissue wasting
wt loss |
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