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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Multi-Tasking |
Dividing of attention across different tasks |
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Nass (2009) |
People who consistently multi-task are typically overconfident and believe that the cost is subtle yet usually have the worst Multi-task abilities |
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3 Categories of Driving Distractors (and examples) |
Visual - eyes off of the road - billboards, GPS Mechanical - hands off wheel - Radio change, collecting item from car compartment Visual and Mechanical - BOTH - Mobile phone use Ulczycki (2012) |
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Strayer et al (2007) |
DRIVING SIMULATOR IV Conditions Single Task - Driving Dual Task - Driving and phone conversation DV levels FIXATION - NO SIG DIFF between groups FIXATION PERIOD - Marginally longer fixation for ST but NO SIG DIFF SIGN RECOGNITION - MORE ST, LESS DT IMPORTANCE OF SIGN - NO SIG DIFF Conclusions PPS in DT condition did not semantically process sign despite fixation. Multi-Tasking does not mean equal divide of attention Implications Real world application that Multi-tasking whilst driving is cognitively costly! |
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Inattentional Blindness |
Inability to percieve relevant objects in visual scene due to attention attended elsewhere Consequence of driving distractor |
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Encoding or Retrieval impairments? |
If Encoding: direct implications of multi-tasking dangers on drivers capabilities If Retrieval : no direct implications " ... " |
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Strayer et al (2003)
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Implicit Memory Test: no direct recollection of sign fixation period (testing awareness at unconscious level)
DT PPS had a significant reduction in correct answers! |
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Interference between modalities |
Reflects limited capacity: selection has to take place
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Theories of Multi-Task Interference |
General Resource Model (Kahneman, 1973) Multiple Resource Account (Wickens, 1984; 1992) Psychological Refractory Period Attentional Blink |
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General Resource Model |
Kahneman (1973) Main Components of Theory 1. Primary concept is MENTAL EFFORTS: the cognitive capacity available for task completion - Less demanding stimuli = less mental effort required: more to distribute elsewhere - More Demanding Stimuli = more mental effort required: less to distribute elsewhere 2. Mental efforts can be increased or decreased depending on arousal levels and motivation levels 3. If stimuli presented does not exceed the total mental effort (stimuli difficulty + arousal + motivation) then all stimuli shall be processed 4. CENTRAL PROCESSOR: evaluates stimuli and adjusts attention as required |
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Multiple Resource Account |
Wickens (1984;1992) Individuals have SEVERAL capacities of resources that differentiate across a) Information Processing Stages - encoding, processing, response b) Perceptual Modality - Visual or auditory c) Perceptual Codes - Spatial or Verbal Tasks will only interfere with one another if they compete for the same 'pool' of resources Difficulty of one task will NOT interfere with another, unrealted, modality |
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Challenges to General Resource Model |
1) Assumes that relationship between attention and arousal is linear Yerkes - Dodson Law: U-curve relationship Peak of arousal that impacts on attention but thereafter causes no further attention allocation (otherwise on-going!) 2) Assumes that the relationship between attention and interference is non-specific - That addition of new information of any modality will impact on overall attentional performance :( MORE COMPLEX THAN THIS (see Posner & Boies, 1971; McLeod, 1977; 1978) |
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Posner & Boies |
(1971) Primary Task: Letter Matching Task Secondary Task: Tone Detection Single-task (just Tone detection) = fastest RT Dual - Task = slower RT Provide support for limited pool of attentionalresources. |
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McLeod |
1977; 1978 Replicated Posner & Boies (1971) Replaced auditory response to saying BIP - no difference in verbal RT between conditions (ST & DT) - MAPPING between input and output is independent for different information processed by different modalities: different "pools" of resources - NO INTERFERENCE |
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What does PRP stand for? What does it mean? What implications does it have for stimuli perception/ resource models?? |
Psychological Refractory Period When two stimuli are presented in rapid succession of one another (when presentation of second stimuli is BEFORE response has been made to first stimuli) causes delay in second stimuli response. i.e. stimuli are processed SERIALLY: BOTTLENECK THEORY (Pashler, 1989) CANNOT BE EXPLAINED BY RESOURCE MODELS (GRM/MRA) |
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What does AB stand for? What does it mean? What implications does it have for stimuli perception/resource models?? |
Attentional Blink Where presentation of visual stimuli in rapid succession of one another (i.e. in Rapid Visual Stimuli Presentation: RVSP) causes the individual to "miss" the second stimuli (not consciously processed!) |
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Criticisms of MRA |
1) Does not explain PRP 2) Does not explain AB |
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WHO (2011) |
Hands-free mobile device DOES NOT reduce the amount of cognitive demand/resources the task requires: just as dangerous as normal mobile-device use |
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Levy et al |
(2006) DRIVING SIMULATOR -Follow car and brake when lead car brakes (single task condition) -Dashboard changes colour & report colour (dual-task) : 20% of trials (initial stimuli in DT) On-set of colour-change: 0ms, 200ms, 350ms & 1,200ms DT: RT significantly slower than ST in regard to a) Overall brake RT b) taking foot off of the accelerator RT The less interval between colour-change and lead-car brake light=slower RT :) SERIAL PROCESSING (could not respond to second stimuli simultaneously with first stimuli! Limited cognitive capacity/BOTTLENECK) :) REAL WORLD APPLICATION |
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What is RVSP |
Rapid Visual Stimuli Presentation |
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Explanations of AB? |
1) All resources singled to stimuli 1 instead of stimuli 2? 2) Executive response: inhibitory effect on distractor stimuli (not stimuli 1) |
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What does Video-Game Training improve? |
1) Useful Field Of View: visual area that information could be extracted from 2) Visual Search 3) Object Tracking: Monitoring Object Tracking paradigm 4) Selective Attention: filtering of relevant stimuli from irrelevant stimuli (selective discrimination) |
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Green et al |
(2003) UFOV Found that Video Game Players much more effective and faster UFOV Training, UFOV improved |
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Roenker |
(2002) UFOV training improves a) Dangerous maneuvering strategies in drivers b) Faster Driving - related RT |
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Storm |
(1988) Object-Monitoring Created Multiple Object Tracking Paradigm Individuals have to track target stimuli (identical to the distractor stimuli) and recall their location after they independently and unpredictably go round the visual scene |
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