Diversity Of Eukaryotes 1: Protists And Fungi

Front 1

Protists are:

Back 1

all Eukaryotes EXCEPT green plants, animals and fungi

Front 2

A synapomorphy is:

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a shared derived trait

Front 3

No single _____ unites all protists.

Back 3

synapomorphy

Front 4

Protists are important _____ of disease.

Back 4

agents

Front 5

Irish potato famine

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phytophthora infesans

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Malaria

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Plasmodium

Front 7

"red tides"

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dinoflagellates

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"Montezuma's revenge"

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Entamoeba histolytica

Front 9

Sleeping sickness

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Typanosoma

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Giardia

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backpacker's diarrhea

Front 11

Potato famine caused over _____ deaths.

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1,000,000

Front 12

Malaria kills over 1,000,000 people per year, mostly ____ ____.

Back 12

young children

Front 13

(Malaria) In India alone, there are over _____ cases per year.

Back 13

30,000,000

Front 14

Dinoflagelates produce a toxin to defend against _______ predators

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copepod

Front 15

Dinoflagellates cause:

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paralytic shellfish poisoning

Front 16

_____ are the foundation of most aquatic ecosystems.

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Phytoplankton

Front 17

Key morphological features

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-Nuclear membrane
-Organelles
-Mitochondria
-Cloroplast
-Coverings: Sheels and tests
-Multicellularity

Front 18

Key innovation of Eukaryotes is the ____ _____.

Back 18

nuclear membrane

Front 19

Functions of the nuclear membrane:

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Separates DNA replication and repair from translation

Allows for RNA processing

Hypothesis: was derived from infolding of the plasma membrane

Front 20

___ ______ proposed the endosymbiosis theory.

Back 20

Lynn Margulis

Front 21

Diatoms have Silicon oxide (glass) ___.

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tests

Front 22

Dinoflagellates have ________ structures.

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cellulose-based

Front 23

(Some) foraminiferan have _____ ______ tests.

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calcium carbonate

Front 24

Three types of feeding:

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Photosynthesis - make your own food

Ingestive feeding - pseudopodia to engulf food, ciliary currents to sweep food into gullet

Absorptive feeding - take food directly through membrane, decomposers, parasites

Front 25

Three forms of movement:

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Amoeboid motion
Swimming via flagella
Swimming via cilia

Front 26

Sexual reproduction is known as:

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meiosis

Front 27

Asexual reproduction is known as:

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mitosis

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Haploid reproduction is ____.

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asexual

Front 29

Diploid reproduction can be ____ or ______.

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sexual, asexual

Front 30

Sporophyte generation

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-Diploid (2n) phase

-Grows by mitosis

-The sporangium is the sporophyte structure that undergoes meiosis, generating haploid spores

-Spores hatch into gametophytes

Front 31

Gametophyte

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-Haploid (n) phase

-Grows by mitosis

-Produce gametes (by mitosis) in specialized structures

-Male and female gametes fuse (fertilization) to give diploid zygote = sporophyte

Front 32

Some key lineages

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Diplomonadida
Euglenida
Ciliata
Dinoflagellata
Diatoms
Brown Algae
Foraminifera
Amoeoboza

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Diplomonadida

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Each cell has two nuclei, each associated with four flagella

Very deep-branching early eukaryote

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Euglenida

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-Freshwater and marine
-Roughly 30% do photosynthesis, all feed by ingestion

Front 35

Ciliata

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-Fresh and salt water, wet soils
-Covered with cilia
-Micro- and macronucleus

Front 36

Dinoflagellata

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-Marine and freshwater, Roughly 50% photosynthetic
-Two sets of flagella
-Some show bioluminescence
-Cause of red tides

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Diatoms

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-Silicon-rich shell (test)
-Photosynthetic
-Most important producer of carbon compounds in fresh and salt water

Front 38

Brown Algae

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Includes most kelps (some > 100 feet)

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Foraminifera

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-Formaen = hole for the holes in the test through which pseudopodia emerge
-Extensive record (over 530 MY) in the fossil record

Front 40

Amoeoboza

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-Amoeba and slime-molds

The molecular data shows that they have a more recent common ancestor to animals than they do to plants

Front 41

Overview of Fungi

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-Fungi play critical roles in terrestrial ecosystems
-All fungi feed by absorption
-Yeasts vs. mycelium
-Fungi often have unusual life cycles
-Fungal reproductive structures
-Key fungal lineages

Front 42

Ecological roles of Fungi

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-Soil-plant interactions (Mycorrhizal fungi)

-Primary decomposers in land ecosystems

-Only eukaryote that can fully digest wood

Front 43

Saprophytes are fungi that:

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make their living by digesting dead plant material

Front 44

Plant diseases caused by fungi

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rusts, smuts, mildews and blights

Front 45

Human diseases caused by fungi

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Valley fever
Athlete's foot
Vaginitis
Ringworm

Front 46

Single cell fungi are called ____.

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yeasts

Front 47

fungi with complex filaments are called _____.

Back 47

mycelia

Front 48

Structures in the mycelia

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-Hyphae (indiv. filaments)
-Heterokaryon
-Septa (holes within the hyphae)

Front 49

Because mycelia are composed of branching networks of very thin hyphae, fungi have very high _______.

Back 49

surface-area-to-volume ratios

Front 50

Large surface area absorption extremely _____ but also makes fungi prone to ________.

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efficient, drying out

Front 51

Extracellular digestion

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Fungi synthesize and secrete enzymes outside their hyphae. The resulting compounds are then absorbed by the hyphae.

Front 52

Fungi have unusual life cycles, with sex occurring with mycelia or yeast of different _____ ____ fusing.

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mating types

Front 53

The two steps of fertilization in many fungi:

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(1) fusion of cells
(2) fusion of nuclei from the fused cells.

Front 54

Plasmogamy occurs when ...

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... the cytoplasms fuse.

Front 55

If the nuclei remain independent, the mycelium becomes ...

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... heterokaryotic.

Front 56

Karyogamy occurs when ...

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... the nuclei fuse.

Front 57

Fungi don't have sexes, they have ...

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... mating types.

Front 58

Zygosporangium

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Hyphae of different mating types yoked together

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Basidia

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Spores formed on little pedestals

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Asci

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Spores formed in sacs

Front 61

Chytridiomycota (chytrids)

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Only fungi with motile cells, as they produce spores and gametes with flagella.

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Zygomycota have...

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... Zygosporangium

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Basidiomycota (club fungi) have...

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... Basidia which forms at the ends of hyphae and produce spores

Front 64

Ascomycota (sack fungi) have...

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... saclike cells, called, asci, that generate spores

Front 65

Microsporidia

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-All microsporidia are single celled and parasitic, with a polar tube that allows them to enter the interior of the cells they parasitize

-Microsporidians have a dramatically reduced genome and lack functioning mitochondria.

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Chytridiomycota (Chytrids)

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-Chytrids are largely aquatic and are particularly common in freshwater environments.

-Members of this group are the only fungi that can produce motile cells.

-Mosty chytrid species produce spores that swim to new habitats via a flagellum.

Front 67

Zygomycota

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-Zygomycota are primarily soil dwellers
-Zygosporangium
-Many are saprophytes, some are parasitic, and some are predatory.

Front 68

Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)

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-All basidiomycetes produce basidia.
-The largest subgroup in this lineage form basidia in large, above ground mushrooms, brackets, earthstars, or puffballs.

Front 69

Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)

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-Over half of all known fungi belong to the Ascomycota.
-Form an ascus.
-Penicillium
-Aspergillus (major source of citric acid to flavor soft drinks)
-Saccharomyces cervisiae (used in brewing, baking, wine-making and is a model organism for research)

Front 70

Lichens are part of ______.

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Ascomycota (when the fungi and a bacteria live together)