Disorder Of The Bladder

Front 1

Ureterocele

Back 1

- congenital cystic dilation of the distal end of the ureter
- 75% located at the bladder neck or in the urethra
- occurs more often in females
- may be unilateral or bilateral
- prenatal diagnosis on maternal sonogram and postnatal frequent UTIs
- Clinical manifestations include hydronephrosis, UTIs, voiding dysfunction, hematuria, urosepsis or failure to thrive

Front 2

urethral valves

Back 2

- most common disorder of urinary obstruction in male newborns
- varying degrees of obstruction
results from abnormal insertion of urogenital membrane
- majority of abnormalities occur posteriorly and in distal urethra
- valves are mucosal folds that resemble thin membranes
- valves can cause obstruction when child attempts to void

Front 3

urethorectal and vesicourethral fistulas

Back 3

- rare and are almost always associated with an imperforated anus
- failure of he urorectal septum to develop completely leads to persistent communication between the rectum and the urogenital tract
-fecal material and gas are passed through urethra
- assending infection

Front 4

hypospadia

Back 4

- urethral meatus located on the lower (ventrical) aspect of the penis
- developmental anomaly during embryologic development

Front 5

epispadia

Back 5

- urethral meatus is located on the upper (dorsal) aspect of the penis
- developmental anomaly during embryological development

Front 6

urethral strictures

Back 6

- fibrotic narrowing of the urethra that are usually due to scar tissue from prior infection, trauma (tightens up)
- caused by infection (gonorrhea) or trauma
- decreased urinary stream is the most common coplaint
- mostly due to STDs
-can be bad enough to have overflow incontinence

Front 7

erectile dysfunction (impotence)

Back 7

- inability to attain an erection
- may be primary (inability to attain an erection throughout life) and secondary (no longer able to attain an erection but has had normal erection in past)
- causes of secondary include: PVD, medications, enocrine problems, trauma, iatrogenic and psychological

Front 8

sexually transmitted infections

Back 8

- a large group of disease syndromes that can be transmitted sexually, regardless of whether manifested in genital structures
- most occurs in 15-25 years of age
- can be contrated nonsexually (mother to child)

Front 9

gonococcal urethritis

Back 9

- inflammation of epithelial tissue
- caused by neisseria gonorrhoeae
- incubation of 3-10 days
- produces and urethral discharge and burning during urination
- complication - urethral stricture, abscess, and fistula formation
(walled off pockets of pus)

Front 10

nongonococcal urethritis

Back 10

- chlamydia tracomatis
- causes urethral discharge and dysuria

Front 11

syphilis

Back 11

- treponema pallidum
- systemic infection of vascular infection
- gains entrance into the body through skin or mucous membranes during sexual contact
- chancre (open sore) is formed

Front 12

genital herpes

Back 12

- herpes simplex virus
- may cause persistent or latent infections
- vesicles type lesions

Front 13

genital warts

Back 13

- various strains of papillomavirus
- transmitted during sex
- warts are found on external genitalia

Front 14

cryptorchidism

Back 14

- testis that occupy an extra scrotal position
- failure to treat causes fibrotic tubules with deficiency in spermatogenesis, infertility
- increased risk of malignancy if untreated

Front 15

etiology of cryptorchidism

Back 15

- idiopathic
- intrinsic testicular defect
- hormonal deficiency
- prematurity
- low birth weight
- family history

Front 16

patho of cryptorchidism

Back 16

- may effect spermatogenesis and case infertility
- usually located in inguinal canal

Front 17

cryptorchidism clinical manifestation

Back 17

- undescended testical

Front 18

hydrocele

Back 18

- fluid collection surrounding the testical or spermatic cord
- scrotal swelling and vary in size
- communicating and non communicating
- may develop secondary to injury (male athletes), radiation, infection, or neoplasms

Front 19

non-communicating hydrocele

Back 19

- processus vaginalis is obliterated so no fluid can move between the abdomen and the scrotum
- tunical vaginalis contains fluid

Front 20

communicating hydrocele

Back 20

- the porocessus vaginalis is still open
- allows fluid to most vetween the abdomen and the tunica vaginalis in scrotum
- fluid moves to abdomen

Front 21

spermatocele

Back 21

- painless cystic masses containing sperm
- may be large and difficult to distinguish from a hydrocele
- idiopathic
- associated with intfertility in men
- simply remove to treat

Front 22

testicular torsion

Back 22

- twisting of the spermatic cord with compromise of the testicular vascular supply with ischemia and infarcation
- severe pain and swelling
- medical emergency
- idiopathic
- blocks blood, ischemia, necrosis
- athletes and older men

Front 23

epididymitis

Back 23

- inflammation of testis
- results from STDs (N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis), trauma of reflux
- secondary to bacteria infection

Front 24

clinical manifestations of epididymitis

Back 24

- enlarged, reddened, tender scrotum
- pain with radiation into inguinal area
- elevated WBC and urine positive for organism
- pain
- fever
- urethral discharge
- systemic

Front 25

penign prostatic hyperplasia

Back 25

- noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland from hyperplasia or hypertrophy
- very common
- 80% of men over 60 have some degree

Front 26

etiology of BPH

Back 26

- idiopathic
- aging male endocrine system

Front 27

patho of PBH

Back 27

- results form decreased testosterone and increased estrogen levels
- hyperplasia (prostate cells increase in size and number) of the glands surrounding the prostatic urethra
- tissue increase in size and compresses the urethra and produces symptoms of bladder obstruction

Front 28

clinical manifestations of BPH

Back 28

- urinary retention
- decrease force of stream
- hesitancy
- infection due to residual urine - incomplete bladder emptying
- nocturia
- dribbling
- feeling of fullness in the bladder
- cause of post renal failure

Front 29

prostatitis

Back 29

- inflammation of the prostate
- four types: acute bacterial, chronic bacterial, nonbacterial, prostatodynia
- caused by E. coli, proteus, klebsiella

Front 30

clinical manifestations of prostatitis

Back 30

-acute - fever, chills, low back pain
- frequency, urgency, dysuria
- rectal exam: tender, swollen prostate
- chronic - voiding symptoms with pain in perineum, back, suprapubic area and occasionally testis

Front 31

prostate cancer

Back 31

- cancer of prostate gland with varying degrees of aggressiveness
- usually slow growing and is asymptomatic in the early stages
- incidence increases with age
- 95% adenocarcinomas
- common sites of metasteses: lymph nodes, bones, lungs, liver

Front 32

etiology of prostate cancer

Back 32

- idiopathic
- genetic
- hormonal
- dietary
- viral

Front 33

clinical manifestations of prostate cancer

Back 33

- enlarged prostate
- urinary symptoms
- elevated PSA
- back pain
- weight loss
- fatigue
- may be asymptomatic

Front 34

amenorrhea

Back 34

- absence of suppression of menstruation
- due to hormonal disturbances
- stress and neoplasms may interfere with normal patterns of hormone secretion

Front 35

metrorrhagia

Back 35

- bleeding between periods

Front 36

hypomenorrhea

Back 36

decreased menstrual flow
(hormonal imbalance that can cause infertility)

Front 37

oligomenorrhea

Back 37

infrequent menstration

Front 38

polymenorrhea

Back 38

increased frequency of menstruation

Front 39

menorrhagia

Back 39

increase in the amount and duration of menstrual bleeding

Front 40

dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Back 40

- abnormal endometrial bleeding not associated with tumor, inflammation, pregnancy, trauma, or hormonal effects
- most commn around menarche (immaturity in the functioning of the pituitary and ovaries) and menopause (caused by decrease in estrogen)

Front 41

dysmenorrhea

Back 41

- painful menstruation
- results from increase prostaglandin that promotes uterine contractions and ischeia of endometrial capillaries
- sharp suprapubic cramping severe enough to limit activity, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Front 42

uterine prolapse

Back 42

- occurs when supporting pelvic structures relax and cervix sags downward into vagina
- congenital defects, pregnancy, and childbirth (multiplarity 3) usually cause
- sensation of pelvic fullness and vaginal discomfort
- can occur at any age

Front 43

retrodisplacement of uterus

Back 43

- common 20-30% of women
- may be associated with congenital defects, pregnancy, and childbirth
- the body of the uterus is flexed into the posterior pelvis
- pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia (painful intercourse)

Front 44

cystocele

Back 44

- results from weakness in the vaginal musculature that allows the urinary bladder to protrude into the anterior vagina
- causes include: childbirth, surgery, aging, obesity, lifting
- manifestations include pelvic pressure, dysmonorrhea, and dyspareunia

Front 45

rectocele

Back 45

- protrusion of the anterior rectal wall into the posterior of the vagina at a weakened part of the vaginal musculature
- manifestations include : constipation, painful bowel movement, painful intercourse

Front 46

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Back 46

- any acute, sub acute, recurrent or chronic infection of the ovaries, oviducts, and adjacent reproductive organs
- incidence high in women with more than 1 sex partner (STDs that have moved)
- high incidence of scar tissue (scar tissue)
- may be acute or chronic
- caused by IUD, oral contraceptives, condoms
- bacteria invade the uterine and tubal tissues after migrating through the cervix and scar tissue is formed

Front 47

vulvovaginitis

Back 47

- inflammation of the vulva and vagina
- organisms: candida albicans, trichomonas vaginalis, haemophilus vaginalis, heisseria gonorrhoeae, HPV, herpes virus type 2
- clinical manitestations: thick white vaginal discharge, red edematous mucous membranes, intense itching, malodorous, purulens discharge (green/yellow)
- may be associated with chemical irritants and allergic reactions

Front 48

uterine leiomyomas

Back 48

- most common of the uterine growths
- estrogen and growth hormone influence development
- grow large and cause abdominal pain and pressure, abnormal bleeding and vaginal discharge
- fibriods

Front 49

ovarian cysts

Back 49

- sacs on the ovary that contains fluid
- develop anytime between puberty and menopause
- idiopathic
- usually asymptomatic and may change size with menstrual cycle
- rupture may result in severe abdominal pain and hemorrhage

Front 50

endometriosis

Back 50

- growth of the endometrium outside of the uterus
- increased risk in nulliparous (never been pregnant) women 30-40
- benign disease but tends to infiltrate and spread to adjacent tissues
- major complication of infertility
- cause thought to be from backflow of menstrual fluid through uterine tubes
- endometrial issue is outside the uterus and responds to hormone causing build up, scarring and further growth
- the bleeding results in inflammation and pain in tissues

Front 51

pregnancy induced hypertension

Back 51

- aka toxemia or preclampsia
- rapid rise in blood pressure and proteinuria
- causes include: genetics, poor nutrition, immunologic
- characterized by salt and water retention

Front 52

hyperemesis gravidarum

Back 52

- excessive vomiting during pregnancy
- causes severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance (cardiovascular events or dysrhythmias)
- causes is thought to be large amounts of chorionic gonadotropin by placenta

Front 53

placenta previa

Back 53

- placenta is implanted over internal os
- cause is unknown
- interrupts the fetal oxygen supply

Front 54

abruptio placenta

Back 54

- premature separation of placenta
- decreases fetal oxygen supply and causes maternal hemorrhage
- placenta moves away from lining

Front 55

spontaneous abortion

Back 55

- 10-20% of all pregnancies
- fetal abnormalities, faulty implantation, infections, and trauma increase risk

Front 56

mammary duct ectasia

Back 56

- reactive inflammatory breast disorder
- chronic inflammatory process

Front 57

breast abscesses

Back 57

- reactive inflammatory breast disorder
- common in persons predisposed to infections like diabetes mellitus (comprised immune system)

Front 58

fat necrosis

Back 58

- reactive inflammatory breast disorders
- death of tissue after trauma or injury
- young female athletes

Front 59

fibrocystic breast disease

Back 59

- benign breast disorder
- common in 30-50 year olds
- causes include hormonal changes, aging and diet high in caffeine
- mammary tissue retains fluid and forms a cyst during the latter half of the menstrual cycle and resolved with menstruation
- inflammation from repetition of the filling of the cyst cases it to fibrose and become hard and blocking the drainage of the fluid
- come and go, soft, moveable and tender

Front 60

carcinoma of the breast

Back 60

- growth of abnormal cells in breast tissue
- tumors tend to be painless, hard and fixed
- 20% lobular and 80% ductal
- hormone dependent
- invasive and noninvasive
- metastaizes to bone, brain, lungs, liver, lymph nodes

Front 61

urinary incontinence etiology

Back 61

- aging
- immobility
- medications (diuretics)
- obesity
- estrogen depletion
- pregnancy
- environmental barriers (dementia/Alzheimer)
- pelvic muscle weakness

Front 62

urinary incontinence patho

Back 62

disruption of the parasympathetic stimulation of the detrusor muscle and interference of sympathetic stimulation of the bladder sphincters that causes relaxation for easy passage of urine

Front 63

urge incontinence

Back 63

detrusor over activity characterized by a strong and immediate urge to void (changing position)

Front 64

stress incontinence

Back 64

caused by increase intra- abdominal pressure
- laughing and sneezing

Front 65

mixed incontinence

Back 65

manifestations of both urge and stress

Front 66

overflow incontinence

Back 66

results from urinary retention and an over distended bladder secondary to obstruction of detrusor under activity
- enlarged prostate, spinal cord injuries

Front 67

reflex inconinence

Back 67

urine loss that occurs without sensory warning - neurologic

Front 68

functional incontinence

Back 68

result of factors external to the urinary tract - neuropsych (Alzheimer)

Front 69

bladder calculi (urolithiasis)

Back 69

- due to stones traveling from ureters, but may form in bladder because of urinary stasis
- may cause symptoms of urinary tract obstruction or infection
- stone irritates bladder
- usually composed of uric acid
- more common in men than women
- smoking increases risk
- etiology include dehydration and immobility
- manifestations include: obstruction, infection, hematuria, pyuria, pain

Front 70

bladder tumors

Back 70

- originate from the lining of the urinary tract
- occupational exposure to carcinogenic chemicals, smoking, and chronic UTIs are causes
- is manifested as painless hematuria
- benign tumors are superficial and usually noninvasice

Front 71

vesicoureteral reflux

Back 71

- a condition in which the kidneys are damages by the backward blow of urine into the kidney
- caused by incompetence of valvular mechanism at the ureter-bladder junction
- 1/3 of children with UTI have this
- occurs when closure of the ureteral passage is not successful
- manifestations include: recurrent UTI, voiding dysfunction, renal insufficiency, or hypertension in children

Front 72

cystitis

Back 72

- UTI
- inflammation of the badder lining
- uncomplicated and complicated
- from infection, chemical irritants, stones, trauma
- most causes have an infectious etiology and result from infection originating in urethra
- 80% from e. coli
- predisposing factors include: female gender, increased age, catheterization, DM, bladder urinary stasis

Front 73

etiology of cystitis

Back 73

- infection - most causes
- chemical irritants
- stones
- trauma
- sex
- catheterization
- poor hygiene
- urine stasis

Front 74

pathology of cystitis

Back 74

- bacterial are cleared form bladder by voiding
- high urea and osmolarity and low pH in urine act to kill invading bacteria in normal bladder

Front 75

clinical manifestations of cystitis

Back 75

- dysuria
- cloudy urine
- positive urine culture
- WBC and RBC in urine