Diseases Affecting The Heart Muscle

Front 1

ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE

Back 1

a. caused by narrowed or blocked coronary arteries
b. results in restricted blood flow to myocardium
c. damages heart muscle due to lack of O2

Front 2

THREE TYPES OF ISCHEMIC DISEASES OF THE HEART

Back 2

a. Arteriosclerosis
b. Monckegerg's arteriosclerosis
c. Atherosclerosis

Front 3

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

Back 3

a. Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls & arteriorloes
b. hardening of the arteries

Front 4

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Back 4

1. Plaques of fatty deposit form in inner layer of arteries
2. thickening of arterial walls due to lips, macrophages, calcium, necrotic debris

Front 5

MONCKEGERG'S ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

Back 5

1. middle layer of arteries
2. distruction of muscle and elastic fibers
3. formation of calcium deposits

Front 6

MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE

Back 6

a. cigarette smoking
b. cholesterol level less than 200mg
c. LDL below 100mg
d. consumption of flavonoids (fruits, veggies, tea, red wine)

Front 7

NON MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE

Back 7

1. age over 40
2. gender- males >females
3. family history;ethnicity black 3x more
4. exposure to infectious agents
5. metabolic syndrome

Front 8

PATHOGENESIS OF ISCHEMIC DISEASE

Back 8

1. inflammation of atheromas
2. damage to arterial walls through injury or HBP
3. Coronary thrombus (platelets, fibrin, fat particles)

Front 9

PREVENTION OF ISCHEMIC DISEASE
(MODIFIABLE RISKS)

Back 9

1. Diet, exercise
2. medications - low dose of aspirin

Front 10

ANGINA PECTORIS

Back 10

1. temporary chest pain/discomfort
2. caused by cardiac ischemia

Front 11

WHERE IS ANGINA PAIN FELT

Back 11

1. down left arm
2. ulnar distribution pattern

Front 12

MEDICATION FOR ANGINA

Back 12

1. sublingual nitroglycerin to reduce length of angina episodes
2. nitrates, vasodilators, anticoagulants - long term
3. 1/3 die suddenly from MI

Front 13

HYPERTENSIVE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
(HYPERTENSION)

Back 13

1. persistant diastolic BP higher thatn 90mmHg
2. systolic BP higher than 140mmHg

Front 14

PRIMARY HYPERTENSION

Back 14

1. no identifiable cause
2. 90-95% of all cases

Front 15

SECONDARY HYPERTENSION

Back 15

1. due to specific causes or diseases
2. neurologic disorders, acute stress, renal disease

Front 16

MALIGNANT HYPERTENSION

Back 16

sudden rise of BP

Front 17

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI)

Back 17

1. known as 'heart attack'
2. ischemia resulting in myocardial necrosis
3. occur frequently in early AM
4. seasonal pattern (Nov. -Jan)

Front 18

CAUSE OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Back 18

1. thrombus of soft plaque in coronary arteries
2. L ventricle common site due to heavy work load

Front 19

SYMPTOMS OF MI

Back 19

1. sudden constant pressue sensation
2. crushing chest pain
3. shortness of breath
3. profuse perspiration/pallor

Front 20

ZONE INFARCTION

Back 20

1. area of myocardium that has necrosis
2. response is leukocytes and fibroblastic activity
3. fibrous scar forms in 6-8 wks

Front 21

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF)

Back 21

1. heart is unable to pump enough blood to body
2. blood backs up into pulmonary veins
3. high pressue in pulmonary capillaries

Front 22

CAUSES OF CHF

Back 22

1. L ventricle failure; prevents heart from pumping enough blood
2. pulmonary edema; respiratory control mechanism

Front 23

CHF IS MOST COMMON IN

Back 23

1. older adults
2. can follow MI's due to myocardial damage/hypertension

Front 24

COMMON SIGN OF CHF

Back 24

dyspnea

Front 25

TWO OTHER CONDITIONS CAUSED BY CHF

Back 25

1. right sided Heart Failure
2. Cor pulmonale

Front 26

RIGHT SIDED HEART FAILURE

Back 26

1. failure of the right ventricle to pump blodd to lungs
2. results in peripheral edema/ venous congestion

Front 27

EARLY SIGN OF RIGHT SIDED HEART FAILURE

Back 27

1. dependent edema (pitting edema)
2. symmetrical in feet/ankels
3. indentation of skin

Front 28

COR PULMONALE

Back 28

1. acute heart disease of R ventricule failure
2. associated with massive pulmonary embolism

Front 29

1st COMPENSATORY RESPONSE

Back 29

1. enlargement of ventricle to hold greater volume of blood
2. stretching of ventricular muscle fibers
3. does not increase amount of contraction
3. overload of blood causes pulmonary congestion/edema/ shortness of breath

Front 30

2nd COMPENSATORY RESPONSE

Back 30

1. within the sympathetic nervous system to increase contraction
2. results in ventricular hypertrophy=more need of 02

Front 31

3rd COMPENSATROY RESPONSE

Back 31

1. activation of kidneys
2. kidneys retain water to increase blood volume
3. leads to overall tissue edema

Front 32

ORTHOSTATIC (POSTURAL) HYPOTENSION

Back 32

1. decrease in 20mmHg or greater of systolic BP
2. decrease in 100mmHg in both systolic and diastolic BP
3. increase pulse by 15/bpm
HAPPENS WHILE CHANGING POSITIONS TO STANDING