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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Carcinoma
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malignant tumor of epithelium (breast duct epithelium, prostate, bronchial) "cancer"
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Sarcoma
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"fleshy" tumor of mesenchymal tissue (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, or fibrous tissue)
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Carcinogenic
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mutations that lead to cancer
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Radiation
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thyroid cancer, leukemia
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Viruses
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lymphoma (thymus, lymph nodes)
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Dietary Carcinogens (smoked foods)
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stomach and intestinal cancer
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Contact Carcinogens
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skin cancer
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Human Papillomavirus (unprotected sex)
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cervical cancer
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Excretory Carcinogens (industrial chemicals)
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bladder cancer
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Liver Carcinogens (mildewed grain)
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liver cancer
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Inhalation Carcinogens (cigarette smoke)
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lung cancer
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Sunlight (ultraviolet radiation)
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skin cancer
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Proto-oncogenes
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promote normal cell growth
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Oncogenes
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proto-oncogenes that become mutated
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p53 gene
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mutant variety of which most common genetic defect in human cancers (breast and colon)
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Metastasis
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discontinuous spread of tumor from one site to another and most reliable sign of malignancy
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Paraneoplastic Syndrome
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set of systemic symptoms not due to local or metastatic spread of tumor
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Cytology
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diagnostic study of individual cells for evidence of cancer or other abnormality
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Papanicolaou (pap) Smear
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"cancer" female cervix
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Flow Cytometry
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method of physically separating and sorting individual cells of any kind according to certain physical characteristics including markers expressed on surface
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Immunohistochemistry
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method that involves bathing biopsy specimen with antibody against specific tumor proteins to see if attach to tumor cells
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Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
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protein found in blood of pts with colon cancer and some other malignancies, increased in liver disease
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Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)
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marker that may be produced by neoplasms and appear in blood
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Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
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protein made by prostate proven to have value in screening men for prostate cancer
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Radiofrequency Ablation
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inserting into tumor a probe that emits high frequency radio waves, heat tissue to point of necrosis
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Cryotherapy
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freezing tumor to induce necrosis
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Laser Therapy
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used to treat superficial cancers of skin or mucosa by burning tumor away
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Chemotherapy
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drug treatment of malignant neoplasms, like radiation, greatest effect on rapidly dividing cells
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Angiotensin II
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increases blood pressure by increasing both peripheral resistance and cardiac output
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Aldosterone
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steroid that acts on kidney to retain sodium and water, expands blood volume, and cardiac output
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Exudate
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inflammatory edema has high protein content
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Transudate
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low protein edema caused by pressure imbalances
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Anasarca
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severe generalized edema
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
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acts to raise blood calcium
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Vitamin D
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calcium metabolism
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Hemastasis
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composite activity of blood vessel endothelium, platelets, and plasma coagulation (clotting) keep blood in fluid, stop bleeding at site
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Petechiae
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smallest hemorrhages, visible in skin or mucous membranes
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Hemorrhagic Diathesis
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excessive bleeding beyond expected amount for certain injury, or bleeding without obvious injury
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Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
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immune system destroys its own platelets
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Thrombotic Microangiopathies
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disorders caused by pathologic platelet activation, creates thrombi in small vessels
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Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TIP)
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in adults with neurologic symptoms, renal failure less likely
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Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
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in children with renal failure and few neurologic symptoms, associated with gastroenteritis caused by strains of E. coli
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Von Willebrand Disease
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deficiency of con Willebrand factor, coagulation factor made in endothelial cells and megakaryocytes, bleeding from mouth
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Hemophilia
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hemophilia A or factor VIII deficiency, mostly in males, spontaneous hemorrhage
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Christmas Disease
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hemophilia B, factor IX deficiency, less common, X-linked recessive gene defect, specialized testing for factor IX deficiency
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Thrombophlebitis
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venous thrombi occur, vein and adjacent tissue become inflamed and painful
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Lupus Anticoagulant
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interferes with lab tests of blood coagulation causing tests to suggest coagulation is deficient when promotes venous thrimbosis
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Factor V Leiden
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abnormal form of coagulation factor V produced by defective gene, promotes generalized tendency to form venous thrombi, thromboemboli, and spontaneous abortion
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Prions
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mere molecules, corrupted form of normal brain protein (PrP), function of which is still uncertain, no DNA or metabolism (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, mad cow disease)
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Viruses
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packets of nucleic acid encased in protein coat capsid, no cell wall or nucleus, no metabolism (common cold, hepatitis B virus, HIV)
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Bacteria
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larger than viruses, have DNA, no nucleus, have cell membrane, susceptible to antibiotics
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Gram-positive
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bacteria retain purple coloring
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Gram-negative
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bacteria retained red
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Cocci
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spherical forms bacteria
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Bacilli
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elongated bacteria
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Coccobacilli
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combination of cocci and bacilli bacteria
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Spirochetes
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corkscrew shape
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Aerobic
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require oxygen
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Anaerobic
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do not require oxygen
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Fungi
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grow long branching multicellular filaments (molds) cool temps (skin), grow as multicellular clusters of budding round forms (yeast), body temps (skin folds)
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Histoplasma Capsulatum
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deep infections in lungs
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Pneumocystis Jirovecii
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small fungus causes serious pneumonia in pts with AIDS
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Parasites
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multicellular, larger than bacteria and fungi, coexist with us
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Protozoa
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motile, single-cell, nucleated organisms that capable of reproducing within cells (malarial protozoa in RBC) or extracellularly (intestinal amebae), directly observed in blood smears, stool, or tissue secretions
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Helminths
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parasitic worms, schistosomiasis is most serious passes through snail into human
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Ectoparasites
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small insect-like creatures that attach to or live in skin (fleas, ticks, bedbugs, lice) may transmit pathogens: spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease)
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Endotoxin
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released as organism dies
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Exotoxin
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product synthesized and excreted by bacterium
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Cytopathic Reaction
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cell death
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Cytoproliferative Reaction
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abnormal cell growth
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Rhinoviruses
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common cold, person-to-person contact, no vaccine, treatment supported
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Adenovirus
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infects upper resp tract causing tonsillitis, croup, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, ear infections, stomach flu, treatment symptom management, no antiviral drugs available
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
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major cause of lower resp tract infections during infancy and childhood, mild resp symptoms, treatment supportive care
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Influenza
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resp droplet, widespread sporadic illness, type A and B, B less common and causes mild disease, A: fever, chills, nasal contestation, cough, headache, myalgia, malaise, vaccines available
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Rotavirus
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severe diarrhea among infants and young children, vomiting, watery diarrhea, low-grade fever, treatment supported, vaccination effective
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Norovirus
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older children and adults, person-to-person contact, contaminated food, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, watery diarrhea, weakness, low-grade fever, no vaccine available
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measles
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highly contagious infection by measles virus, nasal and oral secretions, fever, cough, nasal congestion, rash, vaccination effective
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mumps
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acute, contagious infection, painful swelling of salivary glands-parotids, may involve gonads, brain, or meninge, pancreas, clinical diagnosis, vaccination effective
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rubella
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contagious virus, may be asymptomatic or cause brief mild febrile illness featuring adenopathy, rash, vaccination effective, clinical diagnosis
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poliomyelitis
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acute, contagious infection, no symptoms, invade motor neurons in brain and spinal cord causing paralysis, clinical diagnosis, vaccination effective
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hepatitis A virus
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acute viral hepatitis
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coxsackie viruses
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type A: oral mucosa and skin, children, painful blisters of oral cavity and palm rash, type B: heart, lungs, pancreas, nervous system, causes inflammation of organs, mild symptoms, no vaccine
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herpes simplex virus (HSV)
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type 1: cold sores, type 2: genital herpes, no vaccine
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herpes zoster virus (VZV)
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chickenpox, clinical diagnosis, vaccination effective (shingles)
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
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variety of herpes viruses that infect blood monocytes and related cells and causes variety of illnesses, fever, atypical lmphocytosis, no effective vaccine
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HIV
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AIDS, infects nucleus of T cells and uses RNA to make DNA
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hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus
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productive virus infection, scarring of liver (cirrhosis)
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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
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infectious mononucleosis IM short-term febrile illness of young adults, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, no vaccine available
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human papilloma virus (HPV)
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infects skin and squamous mucosa, skin warts, cancer of cervix, vaccine available
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Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV)
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sluggishly malignant skin tumor that endemic in Med and Africa
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staphylococci
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gram-positive cocci, cause acute pyogenic infections, tight clusters, intense inflammations, (aureus most common), diagnosis by culture and gram stain, antibiotic treatment
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streptococci
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pyogenic infections of skin, pharynx, lungs, heart valves, cultured on blood agar plates
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