Digestive System - Part 2

Front 1

Name the body's MAJOR DIGESTIVE organ

Back 1

Small Intestine

Front 2

Name the 3 sections of the SMALL Intestine

Back 2

- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum

Front 3

What breaks fat up?

Back 3

Bile

Front 4

What are GALLSTONES made up of?

Back 4

Cholestrol

Front 5

Explain how we can INCREASE the surface area of the Small Intestine

Back 5

by modification of absorption
- circular folds (spiral chyme, slowing its movements for max absorption)
- villi (finger like projections, increase surface area for absorption & contain a lacteal)
- microvilli (brush border, brush border enzymes)

Front 6

How do we move food through the SMALL INTESTINE?

Back 6

Segmentation - back & forth
organs alternately contract & relax, moving food forward then backward. Food mixing & slow food propulsion occurs.

Front 7

What is the function of the GALLBLADDER?

Back 7

store & concentrates bile

Front 8

Which accessory organ produces BILE?

Back 8

Liver

Front 9

What is the function of BILE?

Back 9

acts as an emulsifier - dissipates fat into little droplets, makes it easier for lipase's to break down fat

Front 10

How much BILE does the Liver produce per day?

Back 10

about 900ml

Front 11

When is bile needed?

Back 11

when we eat fat

Front 12

What is the FUNCTION of the LARGE intestine?

Back 12

- absorb most of the remaining water from indigestible food residues
- store residues temporarily
- eliminates faeces

Front 13

What is the FUNCTION of the PANCREAS?

Back 13

- produces bicarbonate, which neutralizes acid
- produces enzymes that breakdown all categories of food

Front 14

How much Pancreatic juice is produced daily?

Back 14

about 1200 - 1500 mls of clear pancreatic juice daily

Front 15

Where does PERISTALSIS occur?

Back 15

Large Intestine

Front 16

Name the VALVE's of the SMALL Intestine

Back 16

- Pyloric sphincter
- ileocecal valve

Front 17

What is the LARGEST gland in the body?

Back 17

Liver

Front 18

What is the LIVER's MAIN function?

Back 18

to filter & process the nutrient-rich blood delivered to it

Front 19

What do the CIRCULAR FOLDS do in the small intestine?

Back 19

make the CHYME spiral, slowing its movement; the circular folds allow the food to spiral down & stay on the outside walls. WE CAN ONLY ABSORB WHAT IS ON THE INTESTINAL WALLS

Front 20

What does the VILLI do in the small intestine?

Back 20

increase the surface area for absorption; each villi contains a "lacteal" which transports fats; to further increase the surface area the villi are covered in microvilli.

Front 21

What does the MICROVILLI do in the small intestine?

Back 21

contains enzymes which complete the absorption of cabs & proteins; they have brush borders.

Front 22

What allows the surface area of the small intestine to be a lot larger?

Back 22

the circular folds & villi

Front 23

What secretes INTESTINAL JUICE?

Back 23

Intestinal crypts or Crypts of Lieberkuhn.

Front 24

How much Intestinal Juice is secreted per day?

Back 24

about 1-2 litres a day

Front 25

What does the body use intestinal juice for?

Back 25

intestinal juice, a watery mixture containing mucus, serves as a carrier fluid for absorbing nutrients from chyme.

Front 26

What is the pH of intestinal juice?

Back 26

7.4 - 7.8 (tries to be as close to blood pH as possible).

Front 27

Briefly describe the digestion of PROTEIN in the small intestine

Back 27

pancreatic enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase) break it down further into SMALL POLYPEPTIDES & PEPTIDES; enzymes in the brush border (aminopeptidse) break it down into amino acids.

Front 28

Briefly describe the digestion of CARBOHYDRATE's in the small intestine

Back 28

pancreatic amylase (in pancreatic juice) breaks it down to oligosaccharides and disaccharides; brush border enzymes (lactase, maltase) break them down into LACTOSE, MALTOSE, etc

Front 29

Explain how lipids are digested

Back 29

- Fat is NOT water soluble; Bile - which acts like dishwashing liquid, separates the fat globules into very small globules so that it can be broken down;
- at the small intestine bile is squirted into the DUODENUM;
- the detergent action of bile salts emulsifies the fat

Front 30

Name PROTEIN's

- Buildings blocks

Back 30

20 amino acids

Front 31

Name PROTEIN's

- Food source

Back 31

-Chicken
- Fish
- Eggs, etc

Front 32

Name PROTEIN's

- Chemical Digestion

Back 32

- Pepsin
- Proteases fm Pancreas
- Brush border enzymes

Front 33

Name CARBOHYDRATE's

- Buildings blocks

Back 33

- Monosaccharaides
- Fructose
- Glucose

Front 34

Name CARBOHYDRATE's

- Food source

Back 34

- Bread
- Rice
- Fruit
- Potatoes

Front 35

Name CARBOHYDRATE's

- Chemical Digestion

Back 35

- Begins in mouth with AMYLASE
- Small intestine; amylase
- Maltase
- Sucrose
- Lactase

Front 36

Name FAT's

- Building Blocks

Back 36

- Trigycerides
- Glycerol
- Amino acids

Front 37

Name FAT's

- Food source

Back 37

- Animal fat
- avocado

Front 38

Name FAT's

- Chemical Digestion

Back 38

- Bile
- Lipase
- Micelles

Front 39

What does MICELLES do to fat?

Back 39

they wrap the fat droplets; they are phospholipids (polar heads; 1 end likes water, the other likes fat); this makes the droplet water soluble so they can be ferried down by the micelles; they come through to the lymph, where lacteals transport them into the blood stream.

Front 40

How does AMYLASE arrive into the stomach?

Back 40

from the mouth

Front 41

ENZYMES; Proteins = what?

Back 41

Protease

Front 42

ENZYMES; Carbohydrates = what?

Back 42

Amylase, Lipids = Lipase

Front 43

Name the ACCESSORY organs of DIGESTION

Back 43

- Pancreas
- Liver
- Gallbladder

Front 44

What gives fetal matter the brown color?

Back 44

Bile pigments

Front 45

What color is BILE?

Back 45

Yellow-green, alkaline solution

Front 46

What does bile CONTAIN?

Back 46

- bile salts
- bile pigments
- cholesterol
- triglycerides
- phospholipids
- variety of electrolytes

Front 47

What are the ONLY 2 components that aid in the DIGESTIVE process

Back 47

- bile salts
- phospholipids

Front 48

At what "point" are the accessory organs linked into digestion?

Back 48

the liver, gallbladder, pancreas link into the digestion at the DUODENUM; the Hepatopancreatic Ampulla and the Hepatopancreatic Sphincter

Front 49

Name the Pancreas SECRETIONS

Back 49

Pancreatic Juice; bicarbonate & enzymes (protease)
- pancreatic juice neutralises stomach acid & produces enzymes that break down all 3 food groups (amino acids / triglycerides / monosaccharaides)

Front 50

What is the FUNCTION of the Pancreas?

Back 50

soft tadpole-shaped gland
endocrine (hormones straight into blood stream) & exocrine function (produces enzymes that break down all categories of food;

Front 51

What is the LIVER's ONLY function in digestion?

Back 51

produce bile

Front 52

Explain how HORMONES regulate the secretions of the liver & pancreas

Back 52

- HORMONES, CCK (Cholecystokinin) and Secretin stimulate the release of digestive juices.
- CCK travels in the blood steam to the liver / gallbladder and causes the gallbladder to contract and squirt bile into the duodenum;
- CCK induces secretion of pancreatic juice
- Secretin encourages pancreas to release bicarbonate

Front 53

Where does the LARGE intestine extend from?

Back 53

Ileocecal valve (end of small intestine) to the anus.

Front 54

What is the Teniae Coli?

Back 54

a band, like a run of stitching that gathers the large intestine

Front 55

What is Haustrum?

Back 55

each segment or bulge of the large intestine is called a Haustrum

Front 56

Name the 3 sections of the LARGE intestine

Back 56

- descending colon
- ascending colon
- transverse colon

Front 57

Describe the role of BACTERIAL FLORA in the large intestine

Back 57

- 10 million types of bacteria flora
- the bacteria flora colonise the colon
- contains the MOST DNA in the whole body
- ferment indigestible carbohydrates; cellulose
- release gases; 500ml of farts a day
- synthesize B complex vitamins
- synthesize K vitamin

Front 58

Explain MOTILITY in the large intestine

Back 58

haustral contractions; slow segmenting movements, last about 1 minute and occur approximately every 30 minutes;
- mass movements - long slow-moving powerful contractile waves; 3-4 times daily (peristalsis)

Front 59

Explain the defecation reflex

Back 59

- distension (stretch) of the rectal walls due to movement of faeces into the rectum stimulates stretch receptors, these transmit signals along afferent fibers stimulate the rectal walls & relaxation of the internal sphincter;
- if it is convenient to pass feaces, voluntary motor neurons are inhibited, allowing the external anal sphincter to relax so that faeces may pass.

Front 60

What is the Valcelvar maneuver?

Back 60

a forceful push down (make a poo)

Front 61

What does the Valcelvar manouver show?

Back 61

spinal damage can affect this reflex

Front 62

What does the pancreas do?

Back 62

sends variety of enzymes in bicarbonate rich fluid into the small intestine.

Front 63

What is the RUGAE?

Back 63

folds of the stomach mucosa

Front 64

What do the SALIVARY GLANDS do?

Back 64

produce a secretary product that contains AMYLASE, which acts on starch and begins the chemical breakdown of food

Front 65

What does the PHARYNX do?

Back 65

a passageway for food, fluid and air

Front 66

What is the OESOPHAGUS?

Back 66

a collapsed, muscular tube involved in peristalsis

Front 67

What do the CHEIF CELLS do?

Back 67

secrete PEPSINOGEN

Front 68

What is the STOMACH?

Back 68

organ in which protein digestion begins

Front 69

What does the DUODENUM do?

Back 69

receives pancreatic juice and bile

Front 70

What is CHYME?

Back 70

name given to food when it becomes a soupy liquid

Front 71

What does the COLON do?

Back 71

primarily involved in water absorption & faeces formation

Front 72

What does the LIVER do?

Back 72

produces and secretes BILE

Front 73

What does the GALLBLADDER do?

Back 73

storage area for BILE

Front 74

What is SEGMENTATION?

Back 74

mixing & movement of chyme in the small intestine

Front 75

What is VILLI?

Back 75

finger like projections of the small intestine wall

Front 76

What does the PYLORIC SPHINCTER do?

Back 76

sphincter controlling the movement of food from the stomach into the duodenum

Front 77

What is the CEPHALIC phase?

Back 77

this phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the aroma, taste and sight of food

Front 78

What does the MOUTH do?

Back 78

responsible for ingestion, mastication & swallowing

Front 79

What is the INTESTINAL phase?

Back 79

this phase of gastric secretion begins when the food enters the duodenum.

Front 80

What does the TONGUE do?

Back 80

mixes food in the mouth and forces the food to back of the mouth for swallowing

Front 81

What are the TEETH and what are they used for?

Back 81

hard structures used in mastication.