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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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T or F: The oesophagus transports ingested food and liquid.
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True.
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T or F: The stomach digests intake using acid and enzymes.
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True
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T or F: The Enteric NS is made up of Meissner's and Auerbach's plexuses.
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True
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T or F: The "swallowing center" is located n the medulla, and is stimulated by the activation of touch receptors in the larynx, and a reflex.
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False. The "swallowing center" is located n the medulla, and is stimulated by the activation of touch receptors in the PHARYNX by means of a reflex.
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What is peristalsis and where does it occur?
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Peristalsis is a wave of muscle contraction. It can be found occurring in the esophagus which propels food and liquid down into the stomach. It can also be found in the small intestine, where the purpose of the wave is to propel it forward into the colon.
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What two substances do the parietal cells of the stomach secrete?
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HCl (gastric acid) and intrinsic factor.
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What Vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order for absorption and digestion?
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Vit. B12
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What substance do the goblet cells of the stomach secrete?
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Mucus and HCO3
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What do ECL (entero-chromathin like) cells secrete?
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Histamine
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What do chief cells of the stomach secrete?
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Pepsinogen
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What do G and D hormone secreting cells secrete?
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G: gastrin
D: somatostatin |
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What are the 3 gastric juice secretagouges?
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Histamine, ACh, and gastrin
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Digestion is completed where?
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Small intestine
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T or F: Intestinal cells of Cajal can be found in the colon.
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False. Instestinal cells of Cajal can be found in the small intestine. These are pacemaker cells which generate peristalsis in the small intestine.
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How many mass movements (a.k.a. haustration) occur in the large instenstine per day?
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About 3 to 4
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T or F: When the descending and sigmoid colon contract, intrabdominal pressure decreases.
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False, it increases.
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T or F: The valsalva maneuver is expiration against closed glands.
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True.
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Which organ links digestion with the blood stream?
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The liver.
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T or F: The liver is made up of lobules, which are grouped into hepatocytes.
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False. The liver is made up of HEPATOCYTES which are grouped into LOBULES.
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What organ produces bile?
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The liver. (It is only stored in the gall bladder.)
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T or F: The gall bladder empties into the jejunum.
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False. The gall bladder empties into the duodenum.
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The two components of pancreatic juice are what?
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1) Aqueous: water & HCO3
2) Enzymes: digest carbs, fats, etc. |
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External nervous system regualtion:
-Meissner's plexus controls ____ (v). -Auerbach/myteric plexus controls _____ ______ (n). |
-Meissner's plexus controls SECRETION .
-Auerbach/myteric plexus controls MUSCLE LAYERS. |
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Again, which is the only branch of the nervous system that innervates blood vessels.
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The sympathetic NS.
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During cephalic regulation of the gastric function, which nerve stimulates parietal cells?
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The vagus nerve.
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T or F: In the presence of food, pepsin releases lipoproteins.
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Falso. In the presence of food, pepsin releases AMINO ACIDS.
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T or F: Acid has both digestive and protective purposes.
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True.
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T or F: The presence of acid, the release of secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), and Cholecytokinin (CCK) will all inhibit the release of gastric acid.
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True. GIP and CCK inhibit parietal cells, thereby inhibiting the release of gastric acid.
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T or F: The ENS innervates muscle layers and pacemaker cells.
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True
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In a GASTROILEAL reflex, gastric activity ______es and the motility in the iluem ______es.
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Increases and increases
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In a ILEOGASTRIC reflex, the ileum stretches and there is a _______ in gastric motility.
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Decrease.
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In a INTESTIN0-INTESTINE reflex, there is _____________ of one segment and _______of the entire instestine.
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OVERDISTENTION of 1 seg and RELAXATION of the entire intestine.
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T or F: Pancreatic secretions enter the duodenum.
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True.
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T or F: Digestive enzymes that have become activated normally have no contact with the cytoplasm of the body's cells, even though they are synthesized there.
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True. The digestive enzymes are secreted into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract which keeps the enzymes isolated from the cells of the body.
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Digestive reactions are limited to the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract and do not occur within the tissues.
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False. The lumen is separate from the cells and receives the digestive enzymes to carry out the hydrolysis reactions.
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The Meissner's plexus is found in the submucosa layer, or tunic.
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True
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Peristalsis and secretory activity of the gastrointestinal tract is increased by sympathetic stimulation.
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False. Parasympathetic stimulation increases the secretion and contraction of the digestive tract.
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The esophagus contains both smooth and skeletal muscle fibers.
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True
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Absorption of vitamin B12 by the small intestine requires the presence of a polypeptide, called the intrinsic factor, which is secreted by cells of the stomach.
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True.
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In the stomach HCl splits the peptide bonds between amino acids starting the process of protein digestion.
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False! Hydrochloric acid DENATURES proteins making them easier to be degraded by enzymes.
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The adult stomach does not digest fat or carbohydrate.
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True.
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The stomach secretes large amounts of gherlin after a meal and this hormone is thought to regulate feeding behavior.
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False. The stomach secretes large amounts of gherlin BEFORE meals.
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A person can still adequately digest and absorb food after complete removal of the stomach.
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True
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The stomach is so well protected against its own acid and enzymes that it has a very low rate of cell death and slow cell replacement.
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False. The stomach is relatively well protected against acids and enzymes, but the rate of cell turnover is still high.
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The inability to digest milk is due to inactivity of an intestinal brush border enzyme, called lactase.
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True.
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Chyme is mixed in the small intestine by peristalsis.
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**ignore other flashcard...fkin wikipedia like
FALSE. Peristalsis serves to move the chyme the length of the small intestine, not mix the chyme. |
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Slow waves are produced and conducted by the autonomic axons innervating the small intestine.
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False. The interstitial cells of Cajal are the only cells that produce and conduct slow waves.
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Goblet cells are limited to the stomach and the small intestine.
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False. Goblet cells are indeed found throughout the gastrointestinal tract.
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Villi are limited to the small intestine, they are not found in the large intestine.
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True. The surface area of the large intestine is increased by the haustra rather than villi.
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Aldosterone, the mineralocorticoid hormone from the adrenal cortex, stimulates salt and water retention not only by the kidney but also by the ileum portion of the small intestine.
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True. The role of aldosterone is not limited to the kidney, it also stimulates salt and water retention by the ileum.
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Any digestive breakdown product that is absorbed by the blood vessels of the small intestine must pass through the liver before it can proceed to any other organ of the body.
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True. The hepatic portal system receives all the blood from the blood vessels perfusing the small intestine so the LIVER is the first tissue to see the absorbed material.
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The liver receives all its blood from the hepatic portal vein.
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False. The hepatic portal vein receives the blood from the digestive tract capillaries but the hepatic artery perfuses the liver.
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Any wastes excreted by the liver into the bile are eventually passed with the feces.
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False. Some of the substances are reabsorbed by the enterohepatic circulation and returned to the liver.
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The liver is the largest gland in the body and produces a greater variety of digestive enzymes than any other component of the digestive system.
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False. The liver is the largest gland, but this gland produces no digestive enzymes.
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Gallstones are small, hard, mineral deposits made mainly from cholesterol molecules.
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True. Gallstones form when there is excess cholesterol in the blood
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The pancreas produces the digestive enzymes which complete the final breakdown of carbohydrates and fats.
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False. The digestive enzymes of the pancreas start the process of digestion of most molecules and continue the digestion of other macromolecules started in previous regions of the gastrointestinal tract, but the BRUSH BORDER ENZYMES of the sm. intestine finish the enzymatic breakdown of most macromolecules.
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Gram for gram, fat has a higher energy content than carbohydrate and accounts for most of the calories in the average American diet.
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False. While fat has a higher energy density, it accounts for fewer total calories in the average American diet than carbohydrates.
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Starch digestion begins in the mouth.
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True. Salivary amylase begins the digestion of starch in the mouth.
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Like starch digestion, protein digestion begins in the mouth.
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False. The salivary glands do not secrete proteases and digestion begins in the stomach through the actions of HCl and pepsin.
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During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion the vagus nerve is stimulated by distension of the stomach.
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False! Distention of the stomach stimuates the vagus nerve during the gastric phase, not the cephalic phase.
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Proteins begin being digested in the stomach with pepsin.
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True.
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Triglycerides are able to be digested by first being emulsified by bile salts.
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True. By covering the surface, hydrophilic pancreatic enzymes are able to act on the hydrophobic fats.
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