Digestive Tract And Digestive System Pathology

Front 1

amylase

Back 1

enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch

Front 2

amino acids

Back 2

small substances that are the building blocks of proteins and are produced when proteins are digested.

Front 3

appendix

Back 3

blind pouch hanging from the first part of the colon (cecum).

Front 4

bile

Back 4

digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

Front 5

bilirubin

Back 5

pigment released by the liver in bile, produced by the destruction of hemoglobin.

Front 6

bowel

Back 6

intestine

Front 7

cecum

Back 7

first part of the large intestine.

Front 8

colon

Back 8

large intestine: cecum, ascending, transverse, descending colon, and rectum.

Front 9

common bile duct

Back 9

carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum.

Front 10

deglutition

Back 10

swallowing

Front 11

dentin

Back 11

major tissue composing teeth, covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.

Front 12

digestion

Back 12

breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms.

Front 13

duodenum

Back 13

first part of the small intestine. Duo = 2, den = 10 (duodenum is 12 inches in length).

Front 14

emulsification

Back 14

physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules (increases the surface are that enzymes can be used to digest the fat)

Front 15

enamel

Back 15

hard, outermost layer of a tooth.

Front 16

enzyme

Back 16

a chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances.

Front 17

fatty acids

Back 17

substances produced when fats are digested.

Front 18

feces

Back 18

solid wastes (stools)

Front 19

gallbladder

Back 19

small sac under the liver

Front 20

glycogen

Back 20

starch. glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells.

Front 21

hydrochloric acid

Back 21

substance produced by the stomach necessary for digestion of food.

Front 22

ileum

Back 22

third part of the small intestine, from the Greek eilos, meaning twisted,

Front 23

incisor

Back 23

one of four front teeth in the dental arch.

Front 24

insulin

Back 24

hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. Transports sugar into cells from the blood and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver.

Front 25

jejunum

Back 25

second part of the small intestine.

Front 26

lipase

Back 26

pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats.

Front 27

liver

Back 27

secretes bile, stores sugar, iron, and vitamins, produces blood proteins, and destroys worn-out red blood cells. Normally weighs about 2.5-3 pounds.

Front 28

lower esophageal sphincter

Back 28

ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach.

Front 29

cardiac sphincter

Back 29

another name for the lower esophageal sphincter.

Front 30

mastication

Back 30

chewing

Front 31

palate

Back 31

roof of the mouth.

Front 32

pancreas

Back 32

organ under the stomach which produces insulin and enzymes

Front 33

papillae (singular: papilla)

Back 33

small elevation on the tongue. Any nipple-like elevation.

Front 34

parotid gland

Back 34

salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear.

Front 35

peristalsis

Back 35

rhythm-like contraction of the tubes of the GI tract and other tubular structures.

Front 36

pharynx

Back 36

throat (common passageway for food from the mouth and air from the nose)

Front 37

portal vein

Back 37

large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines.

Front 38

proteases

Back 38

enzymes that digest protein.

Front 39

pulp

Back 39

soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.

Front 40

pyloric sphincter

Back 40

ring of muscle at the distal region of the stomach where it joins the duodenum.

Front 41

rectum

Back 41

last section of the colon.

Front 42

rugae

Back 42

ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach.

Front 43

salivary glands

Back 43

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands.

Front 44

sigmoid colon

Back 44

lower part of the colon

Front 45

sphincter

Back 45

ring of muscles within a tube.

Front 46

stomach

Back 46

divided into the fundus, body, and antrum (distal portion).

Front 47

triglycerides

Back 47

large fat molecules composed of three molecules of fatty acids with one molecule of glycerol.

Front 48

uvula

Back 48

soft tissue hanging from the soft palate into the mouth.

Front 49

villi (singular: villus)

Back 49

microscopic projections in the walls of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.

Front 50

anorexia

Back 50

lack of appetite

Front 51

ascites

Back 51

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.

Front 52

borborygmus

Back 52

rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract.

Front 53

hematochezia

Back 53

bright, fresh, red blood discharged from the rectum, associated with rapid bleeding

Front 54

steatorrhea

Back 54

fat in feces.

Front 55

aphthous stomatitis

Back 55

inflammation of the mouth with small ulcers.

Front 56

canker sore

Back 56

aphthous stomatitis.

Front 57

odynophagia

Back 57

painful swallowing.

Front 58

dental caries

Back 58

tooth decay

Front 59

herpetic stomatitis

Back 59

inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus. Commonly called fever blisters or cold sores.

Front 60

oral leukoplakia

Back 60

white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth.

Front 61

periodontal disease

Back 61

inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone.

Front 62

pyorrhea

Back 62

periodontal disease

Front 63

achalasia

Back 63

failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax

Front 64

anal fistula

Back 64

abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus

Front 65

colonic polyposis

Back 65

polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon.

Front 66

pedunculated polyposis

Back 66

polyps attached to the membrane by a stalk or peduncle

Front 67

colorectal cancer

Back 67

adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both.

Front 68

Crohn disease

Back 68

Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract, most often the terminal ileum and colon.

Front 69

diverticula (singular: diverticulum)

Back 69

abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wall

Front 70

dysentery

Back 70

painful, inflamed intestines, causing colitis, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps.

Front 71

esophageal varices

Back 71

swollen, tortuous veins in the distal portion of the esophagus or upper part of the stomach, often caused by portal vein hypertension.

Front 72

gastric carcinoma

Back 72

malignant tumor of the stomach, often associated with chronic gastritis associated with H. pylori infection.

Front 73

ileus

Back 73

failure of peristalsis.

Front 74

paralytic ileus

Back 74

acute, transient paralysis of peristalsis commonly caused by surgical, traumatic, or bacterial injury to the peritoneum.

Front 75

intussusception

Back 75

telescoping of the intestines.

Front 76

peptic ulcer

Back 76

gastric or duodenal ulcer.

Front 77

ulcerative colitis

Back 77

chronic inflammation of the colon with the presence of ulcers.

Front 78

volvulus

Back 78

twisting of the intestine upon itself.

Front 79

gallstones (cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis)

Back 79

crystallization of cholesterol and other materials to form stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts.

Front 80

calculi

Back 80

gallstones.

Front 81

ALT (alanine transaminase)

Back 81

SGPT. Reveal levels of enzymes (transaminases) in the blood serum. High levels especially indicative of acute damage to liver cells (hepatitis).

Front 82

AST (aspartate transaminase)

Back 82

SGOT. High levels may indicate levels of transaminases showing damage to liver cells and/or muscle tissue, such as with myocardial infarction.

Front 83

alkaline phosphatase (alk phos)

Back 83

increased level found in liver disease, cancer, etc.

Front 84

serum bilirubin

Back 84

high levels associated with jaundice.

Front 85

direct bilirubin

Back 85

measures conjugated bilirubin.

Front 86

indirect bilirubin

Back 86

measures unconjugated bilirubin (not yet combined in the liver). May be seen in newborns and hepatic disease.

Front 87

stool culture

Back 87

feces are placed in a growth medium to test for microorganisms that are abnormally present or are present in large numbers.

Front 88

Hemoccult test (stool guaiac)

Back 88

2 terms for a test to determine the presence of blood in the stool.

Front 89

lower gastrointestinal series

Back 89

radiologists inject barium sulfate by enema into the rectum and take x-rays.

Front 90

upper gastrointestinal series

Back 90

barium sulfate is swallowed and x-rays are taken of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine.

Front 91

small-bowel follow-through

Back 91

shows sequential x-ray pictures of the small intestine as barium passes through.

Front 92

cholangiography

Back 92

X-ray images are taken after injecting contrast material into bile ducts allowing diagnostic or therapeutic measures such as sampling for cytology, dilatation of structures, and removal of stones.

Front 93

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or ERCP

Back 93

inserting a catheter retrograde into the biliary system, allowing diagnostic or therapeutic measures such as sampling for cytology, dilatation of structures, and removal of stones.

Front 94

computed tomography

Back 94

circular array of x-ray beams produces a cross-sectional image based upon differences in tissue densities. Contrast material may be used.

Front 95

abdominal ultrasonography (ultrasound or sonography)

Back 95

sound waves are beamed into the abdomen and a record is made of the echoes as they bounce off abdominal viscera. Especially useful for examination of fluid-filled structures such as the gallbladder.

Front 96

sessile polyposis

Back 96

polyps attached directly on the mucous membrane.

Front 97

percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography

Back 97

contrast material is injected by putting a needle through the abdominal wall into the liver allowing diagnostic or therapeutic measures such as sampling for cytology, dilatation of structures, and removal of stones.

Front 98

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Back 98

patient is subjected to a strong magnetic field, and images are produced from subtle differences in tissue composition. Images in all three planes are possible and cross-sectional images are particularly helpful to show abdominal structures.

Front 99

ALP

Back 99

alkaline phosphatase

Front 100

ALT

Back 100

alanine transaminase (enzyme test of liver function)

Front 101

AST

Back 101

aspartate transaminase (enzyme test of liver function)

Front 102

BE

Back 102

barium enema

Front 103

BRBPR

Back 103

bright red blood per rectum

Front 104

BM

Back 104

bowel movement

Front 105

CT scan

Back 105

computed tomography

Front 106

SGD

Back 106

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Front 107

ERCP

Back 107

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Front 108

GB

Back 108

gallbladder

Front 109

GERD

Back 109

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Front 110

GI

Back 110

gastrointestinal

Front 111

HBV

Back 111

hepatitis B virus

Front 112

IBD

Back 112

inflammatory bowel disease

Front 113

LFTs

Back 113

liver function tests

Front 114

MRI

Back 114

magnetic resonance imaging

Front 115

NG

Back 115

tube

Front 116

NPO

Back 116

nothing by mouth

Front 117

PEG

Back 117

tube

Front 118

PEJ

Back 118

tube (percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tube (feeding tube)

Front 119

PUD

Back 119

peptic ulcer disease

Front 120

SGOT, SGPT

Back 120

enzyme tests of liver function

Front 121

TPN

Back 121

total parenteral nutrition – an IV solution containing sugar (dextrose), proteins (amino acids), electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride), and vitamins.

Front 122

excessive eating

Back 122

polyphagia

Front 123

difficult digestion

Back 123

dyspepsia

Front 124

biliary ducts are not open (congenital defect)

Back 124

biliary atresia

Front 125

stoppage of bile flow

Back 125

cholestasis

Front 126

esophagus is closed off at birth

Back 126

esophageal atresia

Front 127

pain caused by swallowing

Back 127

odynophagia

Front 128

removal of the gallbladder

Back 128

cholecystectomy

Front 129

large bowel resection

Back 129

colectomy

Front 130

suture of a weakened muscular wall (hernia)

Back 130

herniorrhaphy

Front 131

new opening of the first part of the colon to the outside of the body

Back 131

cecostomy

Front 132

incision of a ring of muscles

Back 132

sphincterectomy

Front 133

new surgical connection between the stomach and the first part of the small intestine

Back 133

gastroduodenal anastomosis

Front 134

opening of the third part of the small intestine to the outside of the body

Back 134

ileostomy

Front 135

removal of gum tissue

Back 135

gingivectomy

Front 136

new surgical connection between the gallbladder and the second part of the small intestine

Back 136

cholecystojejunostomy

Front 137

surgical puncture of the abdomen for withdrawal of fluid

Back 137

paracentesis (abdominocentesis)

Front 138

removal of the rectum and sigmoid colon

Back 138

rectosigmoidectomy

Front 139

choledochal

Back 139

pertaining to the common bile duct

Front 140

blood vessel bringing blood to the abdomen

Back 140

celiac artery

Front 141

enzyme to digest fat

Back 141

lipase

Front 142

abnormal condition of lips

Back 142

cheilosis

Front 143

the part of the throat near the mouth

Back 143

oropharynx

Front 144

breakdown of sugar

Back 144

glycolysis

Front 145

pertaining to tongue and throat

Back 145

glossopharyngeal

Front 146

membrane surrounding a tooth

Back 146

periodontal membrane

Front 147

measurement of bile pigment in the blood

Back 147

serum bilirubin

Front 148

feces are placed in a growth medium for bacterial analysis

Back 148

stool culture

Front 149

x-ray examination of the lower gastrointestinal tract

Back 149

barium enema

Front 150

sound waves are used to image abdominal organs

Back 150

abdominal ultrasonography

Front 151

test to reveal hidden blood in feces

Back 151

stool guaiac (Hemoccult)

Front 152

upper gastrointestinal x-rays

Back 152

barium swallow

Front 153

contrast material is injected through the liver and x-rays are taken of bile vessels

Back 153

percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography

Front 154

tube is inserted through the nose into the stomach

Back 154

nasogastric intubation

Front 155

transverse x-ray pictures of the abdominal organs

Back 155

CT scan of abdomen

Front 156

contrast material is injected through an endoscope, and x-ray images of the pancreas and bile ducts are taken

Back 156

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

Front 157

percutaneous removal of liver tissue followed by microscopic examination

Back 157

liver biopsy