Digestive System

Front 1

Functions of the digestive system

Back 1

Ingestion of food

Digestion of food

Absorption of Nutrients

Elimination of wastes

Front 2

Processes involved in the Digestive System

Back 2

1. Mastication

2. Swallowing or Deglutition

3. Propulsion

4. Storing

5. Digestion

6. Absorption-nutrients

7. Elimination – waste products

Front 3

Digestive system consists of:

Back 3

1. Digestive tract, or gastrointestinal Tract, Alimentary Canal

2. Accessory Organs (Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Spleen, Teeth, Tongue, Salivary Glands)

Front 4

All segments of the digestive tract consist of four layers

Back 4

Tunic

Front 5

innermost

Back 5

Mucosa

Front 6

thick connective tissue layer, contains nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, small glands,

Back 6

Submucosa

Front 7

lies beneath the mucosa

Back 7

Submucosa

Front 8

consists of an inner layer of circular smooth muscle, outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle

Back 8

Muscularis

Front 9

4th layer and outermost layer

Back 9

Serosa/ Adventitia

Front 10

Visceral peritoneum

Back 10

SEROSA

Front 11

serous membrane that covers the organs (inner)

Back 11

Visceral Peritoneum

Front 12

serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity (outer)

Back 12

Parietal Peritoneum

Front 13

connective tissue sheets

holds many organs in place

Back 13

Mesenteries

Front 14

consist of two layers of serous membranes with a thin layer of loose connective tissue between them

Back 14

Mesenteries

Front 15

connecting the lesser curvatureof the stomach to the liver and diaphragm

Back 15

Lesser omentum

Front 16

connecting the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon and posterior body wall.

Back 16

Greater omentum

Front 17

long, double fold of mesentery

Back 17

Greater omentum

Front 18

NO MESENTRIES (Abdominal organs lie against the abdominal wall)

ex: duodenum, pancreas, ascending colon, descending colon, rectum, kidneys, adrenal glands, and urinary bladder.

Back 18

RETROPERITONEAL

Front 19

REGIONS OF DIGESTIVE TRACT

Back 19

1. Oral Cavity, or mouth

2. Pharynx or throat

3. Esophagus

4. Stomach

5. Small Intestine

6. Large Intestine

7. Anus

Front 20

bounded by the upper and lower lips and cheeks and contains the teeth and tongue

Back 20

Mouth

Front 21

muscular structures, formed mostly by the orbicularis oris muscle

Back 21

Lips

Front 22

large, muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity

Back 22

Tongue

Front 23

thin fold of tissue as an anterior attachment to the floor of the mouth

Back 23

Frenulum

Front 24

32 teeth in the normal adult mouth, located in the mandible and maxillae.

Back 24

Teeth

Front 25

anterior part contains bone

Back 25

Hard Palate

Front 26

posterior part consists of skeletal muscle and connective tissue

Back 26

Soft Palate

Front 27

projection from posterior edge of the soft palate

Back 27

Uvula

Front 28

located in the lateral posterior walls of the oral cavity, in the nasopharynx, and in the posterior surface of the tongue.

Back 28

Tonsils

Front 29

3 Major pairs of Salivary Glands

Back 29

1. Parotid glands

2. Submandibular glands

3. Sublingual glands

Front 30

largest; beside ear

Back 30

Parotid glands

Front 31

Prevent blood flowing back into the atria

Back 31

Parotid glands

Front 32

inflammation of the parotid gland caused by a viral infection

Back 32

Mumps

Front 33

below mandible; produce more serous than mucous secretions

Back 33

Submandibular glands

Front 34

below tongue; smallest of the three salivary glandsPRODUCE PRIMARILY MUCOUS

Back 34

Sublingual glands

Front 35

Saliva secretes approximately

Back 35

1 L per day

Front 36

contains a digestive enzyme called Salivary amylase

Back 36

Saliva

Front 37

protects the mouth from bacterial infection by washing the oral cavity

Back 37

SALIVA

Front 38

99.5% water 0.5% solutes

Back 38

SALIVA

Front 39

connects mouth with the esophagus

Back 39

Pharynx or Throat

Front 40

consists of three parts

Back 40

nasopharynx,

oropharynx,

laryngopharynx

Front 41

or gullet; muscular tube, lined with moist stratified squamous epithelium, that extends from the pharynx to the stomach.

Back 41

ESOPHAGUS

Front 42

lies anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea within the mediastinum

Back 42

ESOPHAGUS

Front 43

transports food from the pharynx to the stomach.

Back 43

Esophagus

Front 44

3 phases of Swallowing/Deglutition

Back 44

Voluntary Phase

Pharyngeal Phase

Esophageal Phase

Front 45

bolus, or mass of food, is formed in the mouth. The bolus is pushed by the tongue against the hard palate

Back 45

Voluntary Phase

Front 46

reflex that is initiated when a bolus of food stimulates receptors in the oropharynx.

Back 46

Pharyngeal Phase

Front 47

responsible for moving food from the pharynx to the stomach.

Back 47

Esophageal Phase

Front 48

storage and mixing chamber

Back 48

Stomach

Front 49

enlargement and segment of the digestive tract

Back 49

Stomach

Front 50

LUQ (Left upper quadrant)

Back 50

Stomach

Front 51

opening from esophagus to stomach

Back 51

Cardiac opening

Front 52

region of stomach around cardiac opening

Back 52

Cardiac region

Front 53

most superior part of cardiac opening

Back 53

Fundus

Front 54

largest part

Back 54

Body

Front 55

turns to the left

Back 55

GREATER curvature

Front 56

on the right

Back 56

LESSER curvature

Front 57

opening from stomach to small intestine

Back 57

Pyloric opening

Front 58

thick rings of smooth muscle

Back 58

Pyloric sphincter

Front 59

Three muscular layers

Back 59

1. longitudinal layer, outer

2. circular layer, middle

3. oblique layer, inner

Front 60

submucosa and mucosa of the stomach are thrown into large folds called

Back 60

Rugae (wrinkles)

Front 61

semifluid mixture; food enters the stomach, it is mixed with stomach secretions

Back 61

chyme

Front 62

binds with vitamin B12 and makes it more readily absorbed in the small intestine

Back 62

Intrinsic factor

Front 63

begin 12 to 24 hours after the previous meal

Back 63

Hunger pangs

Front 64

mixing contractions that occur in the small intestine.

Back 64

Segmented Contractions

Front 65

major site of digestion and absorption of food; 6 meters long

Back 65

Small Intestine

Front 66

25cm long (12 inches long); 180 degrees arc

Back 66

Duodenum

Front 67

2.5m long; 2/5 total legth of small intestine

Back 67

Jejunum

Front 68

3.5 m long; 3/5 of total length of small intestine

Back 68

Ileum

Front 69

proceed along the length of the intestine for variable distances and cause the chyme to move along the small intestine.

Back 69

Peristaltic Contractions

Front 70

propagated for only short distances and mix intestinal contents

Back 70

Segmented contractions

Front 71

consists of the cecum, colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal

Back 71

Large Intestine

Front 72

proximal end of the large intestine where it joins with the small intestine at the ileocecal junction.

Back 72

Cecum

Front 73

RLQ of the abdomen

Back 73

Cecum

Front 74

sac that extends inferiorly

Back 74

Cecum

Front 75

Attached to the cecum is a tube about 9 cm long (4 inches)

Back 75

Appendix

Front 76

small pouch like sac of tissue located at the RLQ near the cecum

Back 76

Appendix

Front 77

Veriform appendix which means “worm-like “appendage"

Back 77

Appendix

Front 78

place for useful bacteria, promote good digestion and immune system

Back 78

Appendix

Front 79

1.5–1.8 m long and consists of four parts

Back 79

Colon

Front 80

extends superiorly from the cecum to the right colic flexure, near the liver, where it turns to the left.

Back 80

Ascending Colon

Front 81

extends from the right colic flexure to the left colic flexure near the spleen, where the colon turns inferiorly;

Back 81

Transverse Colon

Front 82

extends from the left colic flexure to the pelvis, where it becomes the sigmoid colon.

Back 82

Descending Colon

Front 83

forms an S-shaped tube that extends medially and then inferiorly into the pelvic cavity and ends at the rectum.

Back 83

Sigmoid Colon

Front 84

longitudinal smooth muscle layer of the colon does not completely envelop the intestinal wall but forms three bands called

Back 84

teniae coli

Front 85

straight, muscular tube that begins at the termination of the sigmoid colon and ends at the anal canal.

Back 85

Rectum

Front 86

2–3 cm of the digestive tract begins at the inferior end of the rectum and ends at the anus

Back 86

Anal Canal

Front 87

superior end

Back 87

Internal anal sphincter

Front 88

inferior end of the anal canal is formed by skeletal muscle

Back 88

External anal sphincter

Front 89

enlarged or inflamed rectal, or hemorrhoidal, veins that supply the anal canal.

cause pain, itching, and/or bleeding around the anus.

Back 89

Hemorrhoids

Front 90

required for material to pass through the large intestine

Back 90

18-24 hours

Front 91

required for chyme to move through the small intestine.

Back 91

3-5 hours

Front 92

chyme is converted into

Back 92

Feces

Front 93

process of elimination of feces. Every 8-12 hours, undergo mass contractions, common at breafkast

Back 93

Defecation

Front 94

weighs about 1.36 kilograms (kg) (3 lb)

Back 94

Liver

Front 95

Heaviest and largest internal organ;

RUQ;

Posterior surface, in contact with ribs 5-12

Back 95

Liver

Front 96

LOBES: 2, Right (big) and Left (small), separated by

Back 96

Falciform ligament

Front 97

takes oxygen- rich blood to the liver, which supplies liver cells with oxygen.

Back 97

Hepatic artery

Front 98

carries blood that is oxygen poor but rich in absorbed nutrients and other substances from the digestive tract to the liver

Back 98

Hepatic portal vein

Front 99

blood exits the liver through_____ which empty into the inferior vena cava

Back 99

Hepatic Veins

Front 100

removes ammonia, a toxic by- product of amino acid metabolism, from the circulation

Back 100

Liver

Front 101

yellowish-olive green liquid; contains no digestive enzymes, but it plays an important role in digestion by diluting and neutralizing stomach acid and by dramatically increasing the efficiency of fat digestion and absorption.

Back 101

Bile

Front 102

bile pigment that results from the breakdown of hemoglobin.

Back 102

Bilirubin

Front 103

emulsify fats, breaking the fat globules into smaller droplets.

Back 103

Bile salts

Front 104

form if the amount of cholesterol secreted by the liver becomes excessive and is not able to be dissolved by the bile salts.

Back 104

Gallstones

Front 105

located retroperitoneal, posterior to the stomach in the inferior part of the left upper quadrant

Back 105

Pancreas

Front 106

near the midline of the body

Back 106

Head

Front 107

extends to the left where it touches the spleen It is a complex organ composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissues.

Back 107

Tail

Front 108

consists of pancreatic islets, or islets of Langerhans

Back 108

Endocrine part

Front 109

produce the hormones insulin and glucagon, which enter the blood. These hormones are very important in controlling blood levels ofnutrients such as glucose and amino acids.

Back 109

Islet cells

Front 110

compound acinar gland

Back 110

Exocrine part

Front 111

Functions of Pancreas

Back 111

1. neutralize acidic chyme

2. Enzymes, digest the lipids, proteins, carbohydrates

Front 112

damage to and death of hepatic cells results in loss of normal liver function and interference with blood flow through the liver; alcoholism

Back 112

Cirrhosis

Front 113

inflammation of the liver

Back 113

Hepatitis

Front 114

Infectious hepatitis; transmitted by poor sanitation practices or from mollusks living in contaminated waters

Back 114

HEPATITIS A

Front 115

Serum hepatitis; usually transmitted through blood or other body fluids through either sexual contact or contaminated hypodermic needles

Back 115

HEPATITIS B

Front 116

Often a chronic disease leading to cirrhosis and possibly cancer of the liver

Back 116

HEPATITIS C

Front 117

due to excess cholesterol in the bile; gallstones can occasionally enter the cystic duct, where they block the release of bile and/or pancreatic enzymes, which interferes with digestion

Back 117

GALLSTONES

Front 118

Severe form of diarrhea with blood or mucus in the feces

Back 118

Dysentery

Front 119

Common under conditions of poor sanitation; parasites include tapeworms, pinworms, hookworms, and roundworms

Back 119

Intestinal parasites

Front 120

Intestinal mucosa secretes large amounts of water and ions due to irritation, inflammation, or infection

Back 120

Diarrhea