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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Viviparity |
gives birth to live young |
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Advantages of Viviparity |
Predation- keeps developing embryo away from predators Environment- protect embryo form extreme environmental changes |
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Allogenic Embryo/Fetus Rxn |
First 30 day danger to pregnancy immune systems rejects foreign objects (foreign DNA) Uterus of mother protects |
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Ovarectamized |
ovary removed
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Embryonic Development in Mammals with Corpus Luteum |
CL acts as endocrine gland Produces progesterone prevent ovulation during pregnancy |
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Luteolysis |
PGF-2alpha breakdown of CL to allow next estrous cycle if does not occur, pseudo-pregnancy can occur |
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Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy (MRP) |
hormonal signal to let female know she is pregnant no luteolysis |
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Neuroendocrine Control |
communication between hypothalamus and pituitary gland |
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Reproductive Limitations of Sexes |
Female- cylcicity Male- inbreeding |
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Purposes of Reproduction (3) |
Perpetuation of Species Provide Food Genetic Improvement |
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Reproductive Processes (7) |
1. Artificial Insemination (AI) 2. Frozen Semen 3. X/Y Sperm Sorting 4. Superovulation 5. In Vitro Fertilization 6. Storing Embryos 7. Embryo Transfer |
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Variations of Reproduction in Farm Animals(7) |
1. Sexual Season 2. Type of Placenta 3. Gestation Period 4. Litter Size 5. Placenta Type 6. Lactation Period 7. Reproductive Disease Susceptibility |
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Causes of Reproduction Failure (5) |
1. Anatomical Abnormalities 2. Loss of Ruptured Ova 3. Fertilization doesn't occur 4. Embryonic Mortality 5. Fetal Mortality |
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Fallopius |
Fallopian Tubes |
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DeGraff |
Graafian Follicles in Rabbits |
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VanLeeuwenhoek |
Sperm observed under Microscope |
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VanBaer |
Cytology of Ovum |
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Rathke |
Pituitary control on reproduction |
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Frankel |
CL effecting pregnancy using rats |
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Allen and Doisy |
Follicles and estrogen |
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Smith |
Pituitary gland FSH/LH remove pituitary and observe follicular behavior |
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Ashceim and Zondek |
Placenta- HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) |
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Cole and Hart |
PMSG (ECG) (Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin) |
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Polage |
Freezing Semen |
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Parlos |
Bioassay/LH |
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Berson and Yalow |
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) |
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Gillemin and Schally |
Purified GnRH Hypothalamus |
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Lauderdale |
Prostaglandin (PF2alpha) control estrous sync |
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Mammal Dictation of Offspring Sex (Parent) |
Male |
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Avian Dictation of Offspring Sex (Parent) |
Female |
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Luteal Cell Hormones |
Progesterone (steroid) Relaxin (Protein) |
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Primary Sex Ratio |
Number Males/Females prior to birth, theoretical, destroys fetus |
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Secondary Sex Ratio |
Number of Males/Females at time of birth |
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Tertiary Sex Ratio |
Number Males/Females post-pubertal, harder to use |
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Reasons for Differences in Sex Ratios (7) |
1. Unequal X/Y sperm 2. Speed of transport in female reproductive tract 3. Fertilizing capability 4. Maturation in epididymus 5. Conditions in uterus/oviduct 6. Higher prenatal mortality 7. Higher postnatal morality |
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GnRH |
Hypothalamus Stimulates FSH/LH secretion |
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Melatonin |
pineal gland pinealocyte levels read by suprachiasmatic nucleus |
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Oxytocin |
Octapeptide stimulates milk let-down uterine contraction Released by Posterior Pituitary Synthesized in PVN |
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LH |
Complex molecule alpha and beta subunits carboxyhydrate branches Beta subunits dictate activity |
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Factors Effecting HHG |
Endogenous Hormones Exogenous Hormones Environmental Factors Photoperiod Visual Olfactory Auditory Tactile Stress Nutrition
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Hypothalamus Releasing Hormones |
GnRH (10AA)- LH, FSH TRH (3AA)- TSH CRF (CRH) (41AA)- ACTH GIH (14AA)- inhibits GH GRF- stimulate GH PIH- Dopamine- inhibit Prolactin PRF- (?)- stimulates Prolactin |
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Sexual Differentiation of Hypothalamus in Rats |
estradiol-17beta=male estradiol-17beta+alpha fetoprotein=female testosterone=male high concentration estradiol=male CHANGES CAN OCCUR WITHIN FIRST 5 DAYS OF BIRTH |
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Ovary Structure |
Cortex- outer shell Medulla- blood vessels, nerves, connective tissue Hilus- connects ovary to broad ligament Mixed Gland- endocrine and exocrine |
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Folliculogenesis |
1. Primordial Follicle 2. Primary Follicle 3. Secondary Follicle 4. Tertiary Follicle 5. Graafian Follicle |
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Primordial Follicle |
"naked oocyte" cells lie together without intervening cells Not Gonadotropin Dependent not all develop |
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Primary Follicle |
Oocyte surrounded by row of granulosa cells in eggnest Not Gonadotropin Dependent Atretic- 90% of follicles degenerate and die |
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Secondary Follicle |
ovum surrounded by 2 or more granulosa cell layers Gonadotropin Dependent |
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Tertiary Follicles |
Intracellular spaces between granulosa cells antrum formation follicular fluid full of steroid precursors Gonadotropin dependent |
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Graafian Follicle |
Destined to Ovulate |
