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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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arthrogram
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x-ray series after joint injected w/air or fluid to permit visualization of joint structures
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Diskogram
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x-ray of cervical or lumbar intervetebral disk after injection of contrast dye into nucleuo pulposus
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Sinogram
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x-ray after injection of contrast into sinus tract (deep draining wound).
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what does a sinogram visualize?
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course of sinus and tissues involved
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full name of CT
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computed tomography
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CT scan
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an x-ray beam is used with a computer to produce a 3-D picture
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CT scan uses
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soft tissue abnormalities, bony abnormalities, and various musculoskeletal trauma
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full name of MRI
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magnetic resonance imaging
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MRI
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radio waves and magnetic field used to view soft tissue ~ gadolinium may be injected to enhance visualization
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contraindications for MRI
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no metal!!! including clips and other things that may be inside the patient's body
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full name of DEXA
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dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
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DEXA
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measures bone mass of spine, femur, forearm, and total body
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advantages of DEXA
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allows assessment of bone density with minimal radiation exposure ~ painless
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what is DEXA used to diagnose
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metabolic bone disease and to monitor changes in bone density with treatment
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full name of QUS
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quantitative ultrasound
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QUS
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evaluates density, elasticity, and strength of patella and calcaneus
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advantages of QUS
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uses ultrasound rather than radiation ~ painless
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Bone scan
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radioisotope injected and taken up by bone. geiger counter scans entire body and results recorded on paper. Degree of uptake is r/t blood flow to bone
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bone scan ~ increased uptake may mean...
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osteomyelitis, osteoporosis, primary and metastatic malignant lesions of bone, and certain fractures
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bone scan ~ decreased uptake may mean...
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avascular necrosis
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bone scan ~ patient preparation
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radioisotope injected 2 hr before procedure; bladder should be emptied before scan; patient lies supine for 1 hr; increase fluids after exam
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musculoskeletal diagnostic studies: radiologic studies
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x-ray; arthrogram; diskogram; sinogram; CT scan; MRI
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musculoskeletal diagnostic studies: bone mineral density measurements (BMD)
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DEXA; QUS
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musculoskeletal diagnostic studies: radioisotope studies
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bone scan
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musculoskeletal diagnostic studies: endoscopy
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arthroscopy
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musculoskeletal diagnostic studies: mineral metabolism
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Alkaline phosphatase; calcium; phosphorus
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musculoskeletal diagnostic studies: serologic studies
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RF; ESR; ANA; andi-DNA antibody; complement; uric acid; CRP, HLA-B27
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musculoskeletal diagnostic studies: muscle enzymes
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CK; aldolase
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musculoskeletal diagnostic studies: invasive procedures
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arthrocentesis; EMG
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musculoskeletal diagnostic studies: miscellaneous
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thermography; plethysmography; SSEP
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alkaline phosphatase
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enzyme produced by osteoblasts
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elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase found in...
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healing fractures, bone cancers, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget's disease
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normal alkaline phosphatase levels
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20-90 U/L (0.3 - 2.7 mmol/L)
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decreased serum calcium is found in...
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osteomalacia; renal disease; mypoparathyroidism
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increased serum calcium is found in...
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chronic renal disease; healing fractures; osteolytic metastatic tumor
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normal serum calcium levels
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9 - 11 mg/dl (0.9 - 1.5 mmol/L)
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decreased serum phosphorus is found in
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osteomalacia
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increased serum phosphorus is found in
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chronic renal disease; healing fractures; osteolytic metastatic tumor
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normal serum phosphorus levels
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2.8 - 4.5 mg/dl (0.9 - 1.5 mol/L)
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full name of RF
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rheumatoid factor
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RF
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checks for presense of rheumatoid factor antibody; nonspecific for rheumatoid arthritis;
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ESR
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measures how fast red blood cells settle out of unclotted blood in 1 hr
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elevated ESR levels are seen in...
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any inflammatory process, especially rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, osteomyelitis, respiratory infections
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normal ESR
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< 20 mm/hr. some gender variation
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full name of ESR
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erythrocyte sedimentation rate
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Full name of ANA
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anitnuclear antibody
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ANA
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checks for antibodies capable of destroying nucleus of body's tissue cells
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positive ANA found in 95%...
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patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
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positive ANA may also be found in...
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systemic scleroderma (sclerosis); rheumatoid arthritis; small normal population
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Anti-DNA antibody
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detects serum antibodies that react with DNA
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What is the most specific test for systemic lupus erythematosus
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Anti-DNA antibody
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what is complement?
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a normal body protein essential to both immune and inflammatory reactions
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what happens to complement during immune and inflammatory reactions
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it is depleted
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depleted complement may be found in ...
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patients with rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus
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what is uric acid?
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end product of purine metabolism
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elevated levels of uric acid may mean...
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patient has gout
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full name of CRP
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C-reactive protein
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CRP
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study diagnoses inflammatory diseases, infections, and active widespread malignance
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how is CRP made?
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synthesized in the liver
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relation between CRP and tissue damage
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present in large amounts after onset of tissue damage
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normal uric acid levels
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men: 4.5-5.5 mg/dl
women: 2.5-5.5 mg/dl |
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normal CRP
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negative
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full name of HLA-B27
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Human leukocyte antigen - B27
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HLA-B27
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antigen present in disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis
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full name of CK
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creatine kinase
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highest concentration of CK found in...
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skeletal muscles
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increased CK levels are found in...
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progressive muscular dystrophy, polymyositis, traumatic injuries
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normal CK levels
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men: 5-55 U/L
women: 5-35 U/L |
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use for aldolase study
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monitoring muscular dystrophy and dermatomyositis
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normal aldolase levels
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1-75 U/L
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arthrocentesis
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incision or puncture of joint capsuel to remove synovial fluid ~ aseptic technique
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full name fo EMG
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electromyogram
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EMG study evaluates
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electrical potential associated w/ muscle contraction
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EMG procedure
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small-gauge needles incerted into certan muscles. Records electrical impulses from muscles
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before EMG patient should not have...
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have caffiene, stimulants, sedatives for 24 hours
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uses of EMG
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gives info related to lower motor neuron dysfunction and primary muscle disease
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thermography
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measures degree of heat radiating from skin surface
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thermography is useful for...
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checking inflamed joint and patient response to anti-inflammatory drug therapy
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plethysmography
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records variations in volume and pressure of blood passing through tissues ~ non-specific
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full name of SSEP
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somatosensory evoked potential
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SSEP
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study evaluates evoked potential o fmuscle contractions - like EMG but does not involve needles, electrodes are applied to the skin
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normal cynovial fluid appearance
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transparent and colorless or straw-colored
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appearance of synovial fluid in gout
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may be whitish yellow
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mucin clot test
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indicated the character of the protein portion of the synovial fluid
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normal mucin clot
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white, ropelike
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how does mucin clot in the presence of an inflammatory process
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clot breaks apart easily and fragments
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fat globules in synovial indicate...
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bone injury
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normal WBC count
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less than 200 cells/ul with fewer than 25% neutrophils and no bacteria
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conditions under which arthroscopy is performed
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sterile conditions
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what study shows the hydrogen density of thissues within the body
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MRI
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