Dh-Preclinic: Wilkins Ch 2 Transmission Of Diseases (Vocabulary)

Front 1

Aerosol


Wilkins Ch 2

Back 1

Aerosol:

an artificially generated collection of particles suspended in air

Front 2

Microbial aerosol


Wilkins Ch 2

Back 2

Microbial aerosol:

(1) suspension of particles in the air that consists partially or wholly of microorganisms;
(2) it may be capable of causing an infection

Front 3

Anergy


Wilkins Ch 2

Back 3

Anergy

(1) diminished reactivity to specific antigen(s);
(2) inability to react to skin-test antigen (even if person is infected with the organism tested) because of immunosuppression.

Front 4

Antibody


Wilkins Ch 2

Back 4

Antibody

(1) a soluble protein molecule produced and secreted by body cells in response to an antigen

(2) it is capable of binding to that specific antigen

Front 5

Antigen


Wilkins Ch 2

Back 5

Antigen

a substance that is capable, under appropriate conditions, of including a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with the specific antibody

Front 6

Carrier


Wilkins Ch 2

Back 6

Carrier

a persons who harbors a specific infectious agent in the absence of discernible clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection, The carrier state may be temporary, transient, or chronic

Front 7

Asymptomatic Carrier


Wilkins Ch 2

Back 7

Asymptomatic Carrier

(1) an individual who harbors pathogenic organisms without clinically recognizable symptoms;
(2)a carrier may infect those he/she contacts

Front 8

CDCP


Wilkins Ch 2

Back 8

CDCP

United States "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"

Front 9

CFU


Wilkins Ch 2

Back 9

CFU

colony forming unit

Front 10

Communicable period of a disease


Wilkins Ch 2

Back 10

Communicable period of a disease

the time during which an infectious agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person
(2) the communicable period may include or overlap the incubation period

Front 11

Droplet


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 11

Droplet

diminutive drop, such as the particles of moisture expelled
(1) while coughing
(2) Sneezing
(3) speaking
that may be carry infections agents

Front 12

ELISA or EIA


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 12

ELISA or EIA

(1) an "Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay"

(2) a laboratory test to detect antibody in the blood serum

Front 13

Western blot (WB)


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 13

Western blot (WB)

(1) a laboratory test for antibody that is more specific than EIA

(2) and is used to to validate seropositive reactions to the EIA

Front 14

Endemic


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 14

Endemic

the constant presence of a disease or infectious gent within a geographic area

Front 15

Epidemic


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 15

Epidemic

(1) the widespread occurrence of cases of an illness in a community or region

(2) GREATER than the expected # of cases for the particular population

Front 16

Fomite (or fomes)


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 16

Fomite (or fomes) ***

an inanimate object or material on which disease-producing agents (microorganisms) may be conveyed

Front 17

HCP & DHCP


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 17

HCP & DHCP

HCP = "Health Care Personnel"

DHCP = "Dental Health Care Personnel"

Front 18

Healthcare-associated infection


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 18

Healthcare-associated infection

(1) an infection associated with or acquired during a medical or surgical intervention

(2) replaces "nosocomial"

Front 19

Nosocomial


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 19

Nosocomial

is limited to an ADVERSE infectious outcome occurring in a hospital

Front 20

Immunity


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 20

Immunity

(1) the RESISTANCE that a person has against disease;

(2) it may be NATURAL or ACQUIRED

Front 21

Passive Immunity


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 21

Passive Immunity

short-duration immunity
(1) either NATURALLY attained by transplacental transfer from the mother

(2) or ARTIFICIALLY acquired by inoculation of specific protective antibiodies

Front 22

Active Immunity


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 22

Active Immunity

immunity either
(1) NATURALLY attained by infection, with or w/o clinical manifestations

(2) or ARTIFICIALLY acquired by inoculation of the agent in a killed, modified or variant form;

(3) in response-the body produces its own antibodies (usually last years)

Front 23

Incubation Period


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 23

Incubation Period

the time interval between the INITIAL CONTACT with an infectious agent and the APPEARANCE of the first clinical sign, or symptom of the disease.

Front 24

Infection


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 24

Infection

a state caused by the:
(1) invasion
(2) development
(3) multiplication
of an infectious agent into the body

Front 25

Primary Infection


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 25

Primary Infection

(1) FIRST TIME
(2) No preexisting antibodies

Front 26

Latent Infection


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 26

Latent Infection

(1) Persistent infection FOLLOWING a primary infection

(2) in which a causative agent REMAINS inactive within certain cells

Front 27

Recurrent infection


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 27

Recurrent infection

Symptomatic REACTIVATION of a "latent infection"

Front 28

Infectious Agent


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 28

Infectious Agent

organism capable of PRODUCING an INFECTION

Front 29

Jaundice


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 29

Jaundice

YELLOWNESS of
(1) skin
(2) sclerae
(3) muscous membranes
(4) and excretions

due to "hyperbilirubinema" and deposition of bile pigments (Also called "icterus")

Front 30

Microbiota


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 30

Microbiota

the MICROSCOPIC living organisms of a region

Front 31

Pandemic


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 31

Pandemic

WIDESPREAD EPIDEMIC usually affecting the population of

(1) an extensive region
(2) several countries
(3) or sometimes an entire globe

Front 32

Parenteral


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 32

Parenteral

INJECTION by a route other than alimentary tract such as:

(1) subcutaneous
(2) intramuscular
(3) or intravenous

Front 33

Parotitis


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 33

Parotitis

INFLAMMATION of the "parotid gland"

Front 34

Pathogen


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 34

Pathogen

(1) a VIRUS
(2) or other microorganism,
(3) or other substance that causes disease

Front 35

Opportunistic pathogen


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 35

Opportunistic pathogen

capable of CAUSING DISEASE only when the host's resistance is lowered

Front 36

Percutaneous


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 36

Percutaneous

through the SKIN

Front 37

Permuscosal


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 37

Permuscosal

through the MUCOUS MEMBRANE

Front 38

Prion


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 38

Prion

PROTEIN PARTICLE lacking "nucleic acid" that
(1) has been implicated as the CAUSE of certain neurodegenerative diseases

Ex: Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease

Front 39

Prodrome


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 39

Prodrome

EARLY or premonitory sympton

(Adj: prodromal)

Front 40

Replication


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 40

Replication

process by which viruses REPRODUCE and multiply

Front 41

Retrovirus


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 41

Retrovirus

(1) virus with RNA as its core genetic material
(2) requires the enzyme REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE to convert its RNA into proviral DNA

Front 42

Serologic diagnosis


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 42

Serologic diagnosis

the IDENTIFICATION of a disease by serum markers of that specific condition

Front 43

Seroconversion


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 43

Seroconversion

after exposure of the etiologic agent of a disease ,

(1) the BLOOD CHANGES from NEGATIVE ("seronegative") to POSITIVE (" seropositive") for the serum marker for the disease;

(2) the time interval for conversion is SPECIFIC for each disease

Front 44

Serum marker


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 44

Serum marker

a SPECIFIC FINDING (such as an antibody or antigen)

(1) by laboratory blood analysis
(2) that IDENTIFIES an existing disease state

Front 45

Shedding (viral)


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 45

Shedding (viral)

PRESENCE OF VIRUS in
(1) body secretions
(2) excretions
(3) or in body surface lesions

with potential for TRANSMISSION

Front 46

Standard precautions


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 46

Standard precautions

an approach to INFECTION CONTROL to PROTECT THE DHCP & pts

from PATHOGENS that can be spread by
(1) blood***
(2) bodily fluids ***
(3) secretions or excretion (except sweat)

***regardless if they contain BLOOD

Front 47

STD


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 47

STD

"Sexually transmitted disease"

Front 48

Surveillance (of disease)


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 48

Surveillance (of disease)

continuing SCRUTINY of all aspects of occurrence and SPREAD OF A DISEASE that are pertinent of effective control

Front 49

Susceptible host


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 49

Susceptible host

host NOT POSSESSING resistance against an infectious agent

Front 50

Transmission (horizontal)


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 50

Transmission (horizontal)

PASSAGE of an infectious agent from one individual to another

Front 51

Vertical Transmission


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 51

Vertical Transmission

passage of an INFECTIOUS AGENT from one GENERATION to another by
(1) breast milk
(2) across placenta

Front 52

Universal precautions


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 52

Universal precautions

an approach to INFECTION CONTROL in which all human BLOOD and certain body fluids are TREATED as if known to be infectious with

(1) HIV
(2) HBV
(3) other BLOOD-BORNE pathogens

Front 53

Vector


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 53

Vector

a carrier that TRANSFERS an infectious mircroorganism from one HOST to ANOTHER

Front 54

Biologic Vector


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 54

Biologic Vector

(1) an arthropod
(2) insect
(3) living carrier

in whose body the infecting organism MULTIPLIES before becoming infective to the recipient

Front 55

Vehicle


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 55

Vehicle

a substance/object that serves an as INTERMEDIATE means by which an infectious agent is
(1) TRANSPORTED
(2) and INTRODUCED

into a susceptible host through a suitable PORTAL of ENTRY

Front 56

Virion


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 56

Virion

COMPLETE VIRUS PARTICLE made up of the
(1) nucleoid -genetic material
(2) capsid - shell of protein that protects the nucleoid

Front 57

Nucleoid


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 57

Nucleoid

the GENETIC MATERIAL of a "virion"

Front 58

Capsid


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 58

Capsid

the shell of protein that protects the nucleoid of the "virion"

Front 59

Virulence


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 59

Virulence

the degree of PATHOGENICITY or "disease-evoking"power of an infectious agent

Front 60

Virus


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 60

Virus

a SUBCELLULAR GENETIC ENTITY
(1) capable of gaining ENTRANCE into a limited range of living cells
(2) and capable of REPLICATION ONLY within such cells
(3) Virus contains either DNA or RNA ***but not both!!!

Front 61

Window Period


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 61

Window Period

(1) the TIME between exposure resulting in INFECTION
(2) and the presence of DETECTABLE SERUM ANTIBODY;
(3) antibody test =neg. but infectious agent is TRANSMISSIBLE during window period

Front 62

AIDS


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 62

AIDS

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Front 63

AZT (ZDV)


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 63

AZT (ZDV)

(1) "zidovudine"
(2) retrovoir
(3) DRUG used for the treatment of HIV and AIDS
(4) 1st antirviral drug approved by the FDA

Front 64

CD4+


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 64

CD4+

(1) T-helper lymphocyte
(2) primary target cell for HIV infection; (3) CD4+ count DECREASES w/ the severity of HIV related illness

Front 65

DNA


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 65

DNA

"DeoxyriboNucleic Acid"
(1) a nucleic acid found in a cell nucleus
(2) a CARRIER of genetic information

Front 66

HAART


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 66

HAART

"Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy"
(1) containing several antiretroviral medications
(2) the combination has been MORE EFFECTIVE than monotherapy in the treatment of AIDS

Front 67

HIV


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 67

HIV

"Human Immunodeficiency Virus"

virus CAUSING AIDS

Front 68

HIV-1 antibody


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 68

HIV-1 antibody

(1) antibody to HIV Type 1
(2) antibody can be detected in the BLOOD 6-8 weeks AFTER INFECTION

Front 69

HL


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 69

HL

"Hairy Leukplakia"

Front 70

IDU


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 70

IDU

"Injection Drug User"

Front 71

KS


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 71

KS

"Kaposi's Sarcoma"

(1) a MALIGNANT vascular tumor
(2) an opportunistic neoplasm that may occur in people with HIV

Front 72

LAV


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 72

LAV

"Lymphodenopathy-Associated Virus"

(1) a former name for HIV

Front 73

MMWR


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 73

MMWR

"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"

(1) a publication of the US Centers for Disease Control

Front 74

PCP


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 74

PCP

"PneumoCystis Pneumonia"

(1) Caused by Penumocystis carinii
(2) an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION that occurs in people with HIV

Front 75

PGL


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 75

PGL

"Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy"

Front 76

PWA


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 76

PWA

"Person With AIDS"

Front 77

RNA


(Wilkins Ch 2)

Back 77

RNA

"RiboNucleic Acid"

a nucleic acid FOUND in
(1) cytoplasm and
(2) Nuclei of certain cells

RNA DIRECTS
(1) the SYNTHESIS of proteins
(2) REPLACES DNA as a carrier of genetic codes in some viruses
(4)