Developmetal Biology

Front 1

• A procedure by which a cell nucleus is transferred into an activated enucleated egg and directs the development of a complete organism with the same genome as the donor cell, cells were taken from the mammary glands of an adult pregnant organism and placed into a culture to keep cells in the diploid stage, then oocytes from a different strain of organisms and removed their nuclei , which were in the second meiotic metaphase the two cells were brought together by sending electrical currents causing the membranes to destabilize allowing the cells to fuse and activate the egg, and transferred to the organisms uteri.

Back 1

Cloning

Front 2

At what points can gene expression be regulated?

Back 2

• Differential gene transcription, selective nuclear RNA processing, selective messenger RNA translation, and differential protein modification

Front 3

What are general aspects of nucleosome regulation of gene expression?

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i

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place acetyl groups on histones destabilizing the nucleosomes so they can come apart easily

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Acetyltransferases

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remove acetyl groups , stabilize the nucleosomes and prevent transcription

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Deacetylases

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add methyl groups to histones, can activate or repress transcription , depending on the amino acid being methylated

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Methyltransferases

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• Promoter region binds RNA polymerase that initiates transcription
• A transcription initiation site – 5’ end cap sequence
• Translation initiation site- 50 base pairs after the transcription initiation site
• A leader sequence – determines the rate of translation initiation
• Th Exons and Introns
• Translation codon TAA
• 3’ untranslated rgion neeed for polyadenalation
• Transcription termination sequence
• The final product is called nuclear RNA or pre- mRN. It contains the cap sequence 5’ UTR exons, introns, and the 3’ UTR (untranslated region)

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The Basic Structure of Eukaryotic Gene and Final Poduct

Front 8

gene with a product that is readily identifiable and not usually made in the cells of interest but can be fused to regulatory elements from a gene of interest, inseryed into embryos and then monitored for regulatory gene expression. If the sequence contains an enhancer the reporter gene should become active at particular times and places. Examples are genes for green fluorescent protein and B- galactosidase used to monitor gene expression.

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Reporter genes

Front 9

What are the steps in the formation of eukaryotic transcription preinition complex?

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1. The TFIID complex binds to the TATA box through its TBP, 2. TFIID is stabilized by TFIIA, 3. TFIIB and TFIIH join the complex on the TATA box, TFIIE and TFIIF associate with RNA polymerase II, 4. RNA polymerase II is positioned by TFIIB, and its carboxy- terminal domain is bound by TFIID, 5. The CTD is phosphorylated y TFIIH and released by TFIID allowing RNA polymerase II to transcribe mRNA

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DNA sequences that control the efficiency and rate of transcription from a specific promoter, tell where and when a promoter can be used, and how much of a gene product to make.

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Enhancers

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can bind several transcription factors. The specific combination of transcription factors present is what allows the gene to be active.

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Modularity Enhancers

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are co- dependent units within each enhancer these regions bind transcription factors and the combination activates the gene.

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Combinational association

Front 13

outline the sequence of expression of transcription factors leading to formation of differentiated pancreatic

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i

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can penetrate repressed chromatin and bind to their enhancer DNA sequences, critical for establishing cell lineages. Examples are FOX A1, PAX 7, and Pbx

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Pioneer Transcription Factors

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is important in muscle development and is used for a molecular beacon to MyoD another muscle determining transcription factor

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PbX

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repress the transcription of certain genes and prevents expression in adult neurons

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NRSE

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Compare/contrast DNM3 and DNM1 and where/when each would be used

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i

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• a phenomenon in mammals whereby only the sperm derived or only the egg derived allele of the gene is expressed, sometimes due to inactivation of one allele by DNA methylation during spermatogenesis or oogenesis

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Genomic Imprinting

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a membrane receptor protein involved in preventing dendrite tangling

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DSCAM