Developmental Psych Test 2 Nov2Nd

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Approach to the study of cognitive development that is concerned with basic mechanics of learning

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Behaviorist Approach

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Approach to the study of cognitive development that seeks to measure the quantity of intelligence a person posseses

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Psychometric approach

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Approach to the study of cognitive development that describes qualitative stages in the cognitive functioning

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Piagetian approach

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Learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a particular response with another stimulus that does elicit the response

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Classical conditioning

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Learning based on reinforcement or punishment

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Operant conditioning

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Behavior that is goal oriented and adapative to circumstances and conditions of life

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Intelligent Behavior

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Psychometric tests that week to measure intelligence by comparing a test taker's performance with standardized norms

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IQ (Intelligence quotient) tests

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Standardized test of infant's development of children 1month to 3 1/2 years old. It is designed to indicate a child's strengths and weaknesses and competencies in each of five developmental domains

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Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development

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What are the 5 developmental domains of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development

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Cognitive
Language
Motor
Social-emotional
Adaptive behavior

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Instrument to measure the influence of the home environment on children's cognitive growth

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HOME- Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment

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Systematic process of providing services to help families meet young children's developmental needs

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Early intervention

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In Piaget's theory,first stage in cognitive development, during which infants learn through senses and motor activity

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Sensorimotor stage

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Piaget's term for organized patterns of behavior used in particular situations

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Schemes

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Piaget's term for processes by which an infant learns to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by chance

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Circular reactions

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Incase I need to know Six substages of Piagets sensorimotor stage of cognitive development

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pg 160

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Piaget's term for capacity to store mental images or symbols of objects and events

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Representational ability

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imitation with parts of one's body that one cannot see

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Invisible imitation

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imitation with parts of one's body that one can see

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visible imitation

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Piaget's term for the understanding that a person or object still exists when out of sight

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Object permanence

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Proposal that children under the age of 3 have difficulty grasping spatial relationships because of the need to keep more than one mental representation in mind at the same time

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Dual representation hypothesis

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approach to the study of cognitive development by analyzing processes involved in perceiving and handling information

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Information-processing approach

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approach to teh study of cognitive development that links brain processes with cognitive ones

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Cognitive neuroscience approach

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approach to teh study of cognitive development by focusing on environmental influences particularly parents and other caregivers

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Social-contextual approach

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type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response

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habituation

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increases in responsiveness after resentation of a new stimulus

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dishabituation

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tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another

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Visual preference

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ability to distinguish a familiar visual stimulus from an unfamiliar one when shown both at the same time

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Visual recognition memory

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ability to use information gained by one sense to guide another

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cross-modal transfer

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Research method in which dishabituation to a stimulus that conflicts which experience is taken as evidence that an infant recognizes the new stimulus as surprising

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violation-of-expectations

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intentional and conscious memory generally of facts, names, and events

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explicit memory

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unconscious recall, generally of habits and skills; sometimes called procedural memory

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implicit memory

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short-term storage of information being actively processed

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working memory

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participation of an adult in child's activity in a manner that helps to structure the activity and to bring the child's understanding of it closer to that of the adult

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guided participation

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communication system based on words and grammar

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language

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Forerunner of linguistic speech; utterance of sounds that are not words. Includes crying, cooling, babbling, and accidental and deliberate imitation of sounds without understanding their meaning

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Prelinguistic speech

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verbal expression designed to convey meaning

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linguistic speech

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single word that conveys a complete thought

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holophrase

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Early form of sentence use consisting of only a few essential words

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telegraphic speech

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Rules for forming sentences in a particular language

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Syntax

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theory that human beings have an inborn capacity for language acquisition

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Nativism

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In Chomsky's terminology an inborn mechanism that enables children to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear

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(LAD) Language acquisition device

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use of elements of two languages, sometimes in the same utterance, by young children in households where both languages are spoken

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Code mixing

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Changing's one's speech to match the situation, as in people who are bilingual

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Code switching

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Form of speech often used in talking to babies or toddlers; includes slow, simplified speech, a high-pitched tone, exaggrated vowel sounds, short words and sentences and much repetition; also called parentese

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Children-directed speech (CDS)

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ability to read and write

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literacy

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aspects of the home environment that aid in assuring the child develops normally – includes such things as guiding developmental experiences, appropriate stimulation, protection from undue/inappropriate punishment. These are addressed in Early Intervention

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Developmental Priming Mechanisms

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when new experiences fit into the existing scheme. The addition of this new information enriches the scheme and broadens the child’s cognitive base

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Assimilation:

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when new information does NOT fit into the existing scheme. The person must then change the scheme or adopt an entirely new scheme to accommodate this new information

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Accommodation

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a state where new information or situation is encountered which does not make sense. This is an opportunity for learning. As humans we do not like to be in this state, thus we are motivated to find a solution.

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Disequilibrium

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a state of harmony in which the current information or situation fit into the person’s cognitive existence

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Equilibrium