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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychoanalytic Theory(Nature)
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Development driven by biological maturation.
Freud:Behavior motivated by need to satisfy basic drives (mostly unconcious). 5 stages. Erikson:series of developmental crises related to age and biological maturation. |
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Psychoanalytic Theory(Central Dev. Issues)
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Discontinuity but there is a continuity of individual differences, early exp. have major impact on later development
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Learning Theories
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Not so active child
Continuity Nature/Nurture-experience important Individual Diffs-experience is key Mechanisms of change-observation,reinforcement |
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John B. Watson
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FOUNDER of Behaviorism
Behaviors instead of mental states Conditioning as basis of development |
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BF Skinner
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BEHAVIORISM
Learning as operant conditioning Behavior as sum of reinforcement history Parenting Advice-behavior modification |
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Social Learning(Bandura)
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Attempts to account for personality & other aspects of social development in terms of learning mechanisms.
Observation & Imitation (modeling) Reinforcement not necessary Reciprocal determinism |
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Reciprocal Determinism
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Every child has characteristics that lead him or her to seek particular kinds of interactions with the external world. The child is affected by these interactions in ways that influence the kinds of interactions he or she seeks in the future.
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Bandura's Bobo study
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Study of vicarious reinforcement and modeling.
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Theories of Social Cognition
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Children as active processors of social information(like other info)
Active Child Continuity/Discontinuity What causes Diffs? Outcome depends on children's interpretation or construal of events, not just the event itself Little biology |
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3 Theories of social cognition
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Selman's Stage Theory of Role Taking
Dodge's Information-Processing Theory of Social Problem Solving Dweck's Motivation (similar to info proc) |
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Selman's Theory
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Viewpoints of others are essential to social understanding
As children become LESS egocentric, become more able to understand others' perspectives 4 stages from age 6-12 |
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Dodge's Theory
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Similar to Info Proc.
As children assess a situation & solve social problems, they use preexisting knowledge, concepts, and attitudes Encode,interpret social cues, formulate goal, generate strategies, evaluate likely success,enact behavior |
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Children with peer difficulties...(Dodge)
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often hold biased social expectations. Then they attend selectively to social cues & misinterpret behavior
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Dweck's Theory
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Helpless pattern vs. Mastery-oriented pattern
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Helpless pattern vs. Mastery-oriented pattern
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Helpless:ability is a fixed trait(entity), focus on outcome rather than process, assume failure due to lack of IQ, success due to luck, give up
Mastery-Oriented:failure and success due to modifiable factors, Incremental view of ability, focus on process, believe they can succeed if keep trying |
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Ecological Theories
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Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model
Ethological/Evolutionary Theories |
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Bronfenbrenner Model (Ecological)
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Considers the influence of ALL aspecs of the environment including fabric of society.
Microsystem,mesosystem,exosystem,macrosystem,chronosystem set of Russian Dolls |
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Ethological/Evolutionary Theories
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Ethological: study of natural animal behavior, focus on behaviors with biological origin
Evolutionary: same idea but with focus on adaptiveness of behavior in "era of evolutionary adaptiveness" |
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Parental Investment Theory
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a primary source of their motivation is the perpetuation of their genes in the gene pool, which can happen only if their offspring survive long enough to pass those genes on to the next-gen
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Ecological Theories
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Child is a product of culture/evolution
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First clear sign of happiness
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smiling
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Emotional Display
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Learning where and when to mask true emotions (develops over mid. childhodd):Protect feelings of others, self-protective
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Emotional Regulation
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Controlling subjective experience and display of emotion
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3 steps for Emotional Regulation
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1.Shift from caregiver to self-regulation
2.Cognitive Strategies 3.Selection of appropriate regulatory strategies |
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Temperament
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Differences in various aspects of children's emotional reactivity that emerge early in life. Emotional,motor,and attentional reactivity and self-regulation.
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Thomas & Chess Groups
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Easy Child, Difficult Child, Slow to warm up. Used parents' reports
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Rothbart & Bates dimensions
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1.Fearful distress
2.Irritable distress 3.Attention span & persistence 4.Activity level 5.Positive affect 6.Rhythmicity |
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Behavioral inhibition
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those who are tend to be high in fearful distress and are particularly fearful and restrained when dealing with novel or stressful situations
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Inhibited/high reactive children, compared to uninhibited/low reactive children, have...
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higher heart rate
higher saliva cortisol level greater pupil dilation and blood pressure (fear response) greater amygdala response, arousing sympathetic nervous system (on EEG) greater activity in right frontal (than left frontal) cortex |
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Attachment def.
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an emotional bond with a specific person that is enduring across space and time
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Harlow's monkeys results
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comfort won (terrycloth)
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Bowlby's Attachment theory
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Primary care giver as a secure base. Ensured care and safety. Child has a set of inborn behaviors that ensure closeness of parent(imprinting)
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Bowlby's 4 phases of attachment
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1.Preattachment Phase:Birth to 6 wks
2.Attachment-in-the-making:6wks to 6-8mo 3.Clear cut attachment:6-8mo to 18-24mo 4.Formatian of reciprocal relationship:18-24mo and up |
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The usual outcome of Bowlby's phases...
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child develops an enduring tie.
Internal working model consisting of:mental representation of relationship between self & caregiver,guides children's interactions with caregivers and other ppl in infancy & at older ages,foundation of future relationships |
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The Strange Situation(Ainsworth)
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basis: attachment should result in secure base behavior, separation anxiety,stranger anxiety, ans ability to be comforted by caregiver(1-2yrs)
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Ainsworth's findings...
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Patterns of attachment(4)
1.Secure attachment 2.Insecure-Avoidant attachment 3.Insecure-Resistant attachment 4.Insecure-Disorganized/disoriented attachment |
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Factors that affect attachment
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Opportunity
Quality of Care Child's temperament |
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4 categories of Parenting
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1.Authoritative(warm & demanding)
2.Authoritarian(cold & demanding) 3.Permissive-indulgent(warm & permissive) 4.Rejecting-Neglecting(cold & permissive) |
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Children of Authoritarian Parents
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Fearful & apprehensive
moody & unhappy passively hostile vulnerable to stress at risk for depression alternate between aggression & withdrawal difficult adolescence-rebellion or depression |
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Authoritarian Parents
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firm enforcement of rules
show anger & displeasure child's opinions typically not considered harsh punishment little positive support limited shared activities |
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Authoritative Parents
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rules & expectations are appropriate for age and ability of child
rules clearly communicated considers child's wishes & solicits opinions warm,involved,responsive joint activities promotes positive self-regard |
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Permissive-Indulgent Parents
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Rules not enforced/not clearly communicated
Yield to coercion,nagging,whining Few expectations for mature behavior Ignore or accept bad behavior Generally emotionally warm & loving Hide impatience/anger |
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Children of Permissive-Indulgent
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Impulsive & aggressive
Low in self-reliance Lacking in self-control Quick to anger Aimless Immature Often domineering |
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Rejecting-Neglecting Parents
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Uncaring,neglectful,selfish,inconsistent,sometimes leads to reportable abuse/neglect
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Children of Neglectful Parents
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Infants-disturbed attachment relationsips
Adolescents: anti-social behavior,poor self-regulation,internalizing problems,substance abuse,risky behaviors,low academic & social competence |
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Children of Authoritative parents
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self-reliant
self-controlled cheerful & happy friendly copes well with stress cooperative with adults and other children Achievement oriented Generally popular |
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Preconventional moral reasoning(Kohlberg)
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focuses on getting rewards and avoiding punishment
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Conventional moral reasoning(kohlberg)
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focuses on compliance with social duties & laws
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Postconventional moral reasoning(kohlberg)
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focuses on moral principles
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Prosocial behavior
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voluntary behavior intended to benefit another,such as helping, sharing, and comforting of others
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The first sign of a child understing others' perspectives starts at...
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6 months and by 10-14 they can become upset when they view other people upset
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3 ways parents socialize prosocial behavior
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1.through modeling and teaching prosocial behavior
2.arranging opportunities for their children to engage in prosocial behavior 3.methods of disciplining their children & eliciting prosocial behavior from them |
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Prosocial behaviors emerge in what year?
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2 yrs old and increase in the toddler years
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What is necessary for the development of sympathy and prosocial behavior?
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Authoritative, positive discipline, including the use of reasoning by parents & teachers, and exposure to prosocial models,values,and activities
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Freud's 1st Stage
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Oral Stage-primary source of gratification & pleasure.
1st year. |
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Psychic Energy
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biologically based, instinctual drives that fuel behavior, thoughts, and feelings
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erogenous zones
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areas of the body that are erotically sensitive
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Freud's 2nd stage
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Anal Stage
lasts until 3 yr erotic interests switch to relief of tension derived from defecation |
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Freud's 3rd Stage
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Phallic Stage
focus on sexual pleasure migrates to their own genitalia and curious about those of parents and playmates |
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Freud's 4th stage
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Latency period
6yr to 12yr relative calm, desires hidden away in the unconcious psychic energy channeled into constructive activities |
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Freud's 5th stage
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Genital Stage
begins with the advent of sexual maturation Energy directed towards opposite sex |
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superego
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"conscience"
control behavior on the basis of beliefs about right and wrong |
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ego
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resolve conflicts between the id's unbridled demands for immediate gratification and the restraint imposed by the external world
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id
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unconscious
ruled by the pleasure principle selfish or impulsive behavior |
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Erikson's 1st Stage
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Basic Trust vs. Mistrust(1st yr)
developing a sense of trust |
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Erikson's 2nd Stage
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Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt(1-3.5yr)
avhieve a strong sense of autonomy while adjusting to increasing social demands Make choices and decisions for themselves |
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Erikson's 3rd Stage
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Initiative vs. Guilt(4-6yr)
identify w/ and learn from their parents Develop a conscience |
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Erikson's 4th Stage
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Industry vs. Inferiority(6 to puberty)
ego development |
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Erikson's 5th Stage
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Indentity vs. Role Confusion(adolescence to early adulthood)
core sense of identity |
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Major weakness of Psychoanalytic theories
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their major theoretical claims are stated too vaguely to be testable, and many of their specific elements, particularly Freud's, are generally regarded as highly questionable.
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The difference between behaviorism and social learning
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emphasizes observation and imitation rather than reinforcement
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Modern app of Watson's research
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Systematic desensitization
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Modern app of Skinner's research
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behavior modification
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In what way was Selman's theory similar to Piaget?
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They both believe that before the age of 6, children are virtually unaware that there is any perspective other than their own.
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Imprinting definition
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process in which newborn birds & mammals of some species become attached to their mother at first sight and follow her everywhere, a behavior that ensures the baby will stay near a source of protection & food
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emotional self-regulation definition
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process of inhibiting or modulating the following aspects of functioning:internal feeling states(subjective),emotion-related cognitions(interpretation),emotion-related physiological processes,emotion-related behavior.
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social smiles
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3rd month
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anger/sadness
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2 months
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fear
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6-7 months
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Mischel studies. short & long term
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short:distracted themselves from the candy. Children were rated higher on fluency, rational thinking, attentiveness, planfullness, and ability to deal w/ frustration
Long term:higher edu, self-esteem, less drugs, and cope w/ stress |
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laughter
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3-4 months
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more smiling to familiar people
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7 months
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Stranger anxiety, novelty/loud noises,separation anxiety
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7months
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Anger
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obvious after 1 yr
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self-conscious emotions
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after 1 yr, requires knowing self,some TOM,others' emotions,norms of behavior.
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Emotional perception
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< 6 months: Emotional contagion
4-7 months: recognize changes in expression 7-10 months: prefer videos with matching voice and expression Social referencing (8-12 months) 3 years: able to label some emotions |
