Developmental Motor Behavior - Exam 1

Front 1

Universality

Back 1

Individuals show great similarity in development; humans are more similar than different

Front 2

Variability

Back 2

Within each individual, there are differences that are unique

Front 3

Newell's Model of Constraints

Back 3

1) Individual Constraints
- Structural (body structure) vs. Functional (behavioral f'n)

2) Environmental Constraints
- Physical (temp, light, humidity, gravity, etc) vs. Sociocultural (gender, cultures)

3) Task Constraints
- External (goals of a movement/activity)

Front 4

Constraint

Back 4

Characteristic of an individual, environment, or task that encourages some movements, limits others; shapes movement

Front 5

Research Study Designs

Back 5

1) Longitudinal

2) Cross-Sectional

3) Sequential / Mixed Longitudinal

Front 6

Cohort

Back 6

A group whose members share a common characteristic (ie. age or experience)

Front 7

Maturational Perspective

Back 7

1930s
-Genetics & heredity primarily responsible for motor development, minimal environmental influence
-CNS maturation dictates motor development

-Phylogenetic vs. Ontogenetic movements

-Gesell: monozygotic twin studies

Front 8

Information Processing Perspective

Back 8

1960s - 1980s
-Emphasis on environmental/external input
-Input --> Process --> Output

Front 9

Ecological Perspective

Back 9

1980s - Present
-Takes into account interplay bet. individual, environment, task
-Constraints push one to move in a different direction
-Softly-assembled vs. hardwired
-Rate limiters

Front 10

Rate Limiters

Back 10

An individual constraint or system that holds back or slows the emergence of a motor skill

ex. Walking (need leg strength), catching a ball (depth perception)

Front 11

Stretch-Shorten Cycle

Back 11

An eccentric contraction immediately followed by a concentric contraction
-Elastic energy stored in titin & connective tissue sheaths during ecc. phase, which is then added to the normal concentric force production

Front 12

Base of Support

Back 12

All the points in contact with the ground (or any surface) & all the space in between

Front 13

Newton's 1st Law (Law of Inertia)

Back 13

- A body at rest or in motion in a straight line will remain that way unless acted upon by an external force

*Inertia = a body's resistance to motion

Front 14

Moment of Inertia

Back 14

Angular motion dealing w/ rotational motion

Resistance to angular motion not only dependent on body's mass, but also how that mass is distributed from the axis of rotation

Front 15

Newton's 2nd Law (Law of Acceleration)

Back 15

Acceleration of a body is proportional to the force applied to that body, but inversely proportional to body's mass

F = ma
a = F / m

Front 16

Newton's 3rd Law (Law of Action-Reaction)

Back 16

For every action, there is an equal & opposite reaction

Front 17

Center of Mass

Back 17

A balance point around which all the mass of the body is equally distributed

Front 18

Constraints of a Newborn

Back 18

- 2 holes in aorta & heart, needs to learn how to breath
- Need to adjust to cooler temperature outside womb
- Fight off bacteria (breast milk w/ antibodies)
- Adjust to environmental noises, smells
- Underdeveloped vision

Front 19

Constraints of a 1-year old

Back 19

- Increase bone strength to protect body while crawling
- Ability to balance & stand
- Ability to walk

Front 20

Constraints of a 2-year old

Back 20

- Learn to talk (Broca's area)
- Awareness of individuality
- Memories forming

Front 21

Prenatal Considerations Affecting Developmental Processes

Back 21

- Mother's health/diet/stress
- Exposure to teratogens
- Genetic make-up
- Prenatal preferences --> taste & music

Front 22

Embryonic Phase of Development

Back 22

Conception - 8 weeks
- Differentiation of cells to form specific tissues/organs
- Limbs form @ 4wks
- Hyperplasia & hypertrophy

Front 23

Fetal Phase of Development

Back 23

9 weeks - birth
- Continued growth by hyperplasia/hypertrophy
- Cephalocaudal (head to toe growth)
- Proximodistal (near to far)
- Plasticity (capability of taking on a new function)

Front 24

Age of Viability

Back 24

24 weeks of fetal development
Infant can survive outside womb w/ medical help
Based on lung maturation

Front 25

Teratogens

Back 25

Any drug/chemical agent that causes abnormal development in a fetus on exposure

- Effects can result from too much of substance or too little
- Placenta can't screen all harmful substances
- ex. X & gamma rays, pollutants, drugs, radiation
- Timing of introduction into system important = tissues undergoing rapid development most vulnerable

Front 26

Postnatal Development

Back 26

- Growth follows a sigmoid curve
- Timing of spurts & steady periods can vary between individuals
- Timing differs between genders