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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Phenotype
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PHENOTYPE
person’s observable & measurable characteristics often the result of both genotype & environment |
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Reaction Range
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Reaction Range
the genetically-determined upper & lower limits of development for a particular trait Environment determines where person ends up in that range |
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Who has broader Reaction Ranges?
a) Those with high genetic endowment b) Those with low genetic endowment? |
a) Those with high genetic endowment
e.g., the range is broader for highly intelligent folks compared to less intelligent |
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What study is Lorenz most known for?
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LORENZ
Critical Periods (for imprinting) in Geese |
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What did Lorenz discover about the critical period for imprinting in geese?
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Newly hatched geese
will imprint on the first moving object they see during the first 15 hours |
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Animals : critical periods
Humans : _____________ |
Sensitive periods
reflects that although there are optimal times for certain capacities to develop, they can still develop before or after this time. |
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Maturation
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Maturation
Genetically-determined patterns of development |
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Canalization
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Canalization
the relative resistance to environmental forces of some characteristics e.g., sensorimotor development |
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Secular Trends
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Secular Trends
changes in the timing of physical development over different cohorts e.g. Menarche in mid-1800’s @ 17y/o currently 12-13y/o |
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What % of individual differences in intelligence is attributable to genes?
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50%
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How many pairs of chromosomes
and what are the 2 types? |
1) 23 pairs
2) 22 autosomes, 1 pair of sex chromosomes |
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What chromosome carries the genes that most commonly cause sex-linked characteristic?
And which gender is more likely to inherit a sex-linked trait? |
X chromosome
Males are more likely to inherit sex-linked traits because they only inherit a single X, so it can’t be cancelled out by a dominant gene on a 2nd X as it can be in girls. |
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What’s PKU
and what causes it? |
PKU
lack of the enzyme needed to digest phenylalanine found in milk, eggs, fish & bread. If these foods are ingested b/f age 6-9y/o, severe MR can result. Caused by a pair of recessive genes |
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What’s the genetic abnormality in Down’s?
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Down’s Syndrome
An extra 21 chromosome (trisomy 21) |
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How often does Down’s Syndrome occur overall?
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Down’s Syndrome
1/800 births |
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How often does Down’s Syndrome occur in women over 45yo?
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Down’s Syndrome
1/30 births |
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Klinefelter’s Syndrome
effects (males/females) is caused by this genetic abnormality… symptoms include… |
KLINEFELTER’s
1) effects males 2) results from an extra X chromosome 3) incomplete development of 2ndary sex characteristics, often sterility |
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Turner’s Syndrome
effects (males/females) is caused by this genetic abnormality… symptoms include… |
TURNER’s
1) effects females 2) results from an incomplete X chromosome 3) sterility, short, webbed neck, don’t develop 2ndary sex characteristics |
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Fragile X Syndrome
effects (males/females) is caused by this genetic abnormality… symptoms include… |
FRAGILE X
1) effects both sexes 2) caused by a weak site on the X chromosome 3) MR, facial deformities, unusual speech rhythm. |
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What’s Bronfenbrenner’s Microsystem?
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MICROSYSTEM
child’s immediate setting including parents, school |
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What’s Bronfenbrenner’s Mesosystem?
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MESOSYSTEM
interconnections b/w child’s different components of the child’s immediate setting e.g., if parents are in crisis, child might act out at school. |
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What’s Bronfenbrenner’s Exosystem?
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EXOSYSTEM
the environment the child isn’t in direct contact with e.g., mom’s job, the community |
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What’s Bronfenbrenner’s Macrosystem?
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MACROSYSTEM
the (sub)cultural context effecting child’s development e.g., racism |
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What are the 6 accurate predictors of child psychopathology according to Rutter?
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1) low SES
2)large family 3)severe marital discord 4)parental criminality 5) maternal psychopathology 6) placement of child outside home |
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Teratogen
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environmental agents (e.g., drugs, infections, ETOH) that cause abnormalities by interfering with normal prenatal development
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Exposure to teratogens during germinal period is most likely to 1)…. 2)….
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1) damage very few cells and have little/no effect
2) affect many cells and cause termination of pregnancy |
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Exposure to teratogens during the embryonic period is most likely to impact _______
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organ development
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Damage to the developing CNS by exposure to teratogen is most likely to occur during which weeks? (and during which prenatal period?)
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from the beginning of the 3rd to 6th week)
this is during the embryonic period (which itself runs from end of 2nd wk – 8th week) |
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Exposure to teratogens during the fetal stage can cause severe damage in development of _______ & ________
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external genetalia
brain |
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How can you reduce risk of HIV transmission from mom to baby?
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1) administer antiretrovirals to mom during last 2 trimesters
2) administer antiretrovirals to infant during first 6 wks 3) don’t breast feed |
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What are the sxs associated with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
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FAS
1) growth retardation 2)microencephaly 3)irritability 4)hyperactivity 5)MR (FAS is the leading cause of MR in the US) |
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By when do most reflexes disappear?
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6 months
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By when do infants develop color vision?
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Color vision:
2-3 months |
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By when do infants develop some depth perception?
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Depth Perception:
6 months |
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Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
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1) Sensorimotor
2)Pre-operational 3) Concrete Operational 4) Formal Operational |
S mart
P iaget says C hildren F ollow this course |
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What’s the “zone of proximal development” and whose is it?
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the gap between what a child can do alone vs with assistance
Vygotsky |
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What’s equilibration & who’s is it?
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EQUILIBRATION
The back and forth b/w equilibrium (when info is assimilated and schemas are maintained) vs disequilibrium (when info doesn’t fit our schemas and we’re forced to accommodate Piaget |
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The key achievement of Piaget’s Sensorimotor stage
Bonus: what’s the other important accomplishment?) |
Object Permanance
Deferred Imitation |
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Piaget’s Sensorimotor stage lasts from ___ to ___(ages)
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SENSORIMOTOR
0-2y/o |
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The defining feature of Piaget’s Pre-Operational stage
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Symbolic thought
e.g., substitute pretend play sociodramatic play |
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What are the limitations to pre-operational thought in the pre-operational stage?
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Magical Thinking (believing one has control over objects or events)
Egocentrism (inability to understand others have their own experience) Animism (believing objects have thoughts, feelings) Centration (focusing on one detail of situation, neglecting others) Irreversability (inability to understand that actions can be reversed) |
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Piaget’s Pre-operational stage lasts from ___ to ___(ages)
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PRE-OPERATIONAL
2-7 years |
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Piaget’s Concrete-operational stage lasts from ___ to ___(ages)
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CONCRETE-OPERATIONAL
7-12 years |
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The 5 key achievements of Piaget’s Concrete-Operational stage
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1) Conservation (of number, length, liquid, mass, area etc)
2) decentration (not focusing on just one detail of a situation) 3) reversibility (understanding that actions can be reversed) 4) transitivity (ability to mentally sort objects) 5) hierarchical classification |
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Piaget’s Formal-operational stage lasts from ___ to ___(ages)
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FORMAL-OPERATIONAL
12 years & onward |
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The 2 key achievements of Piaget’s Formal-Operational stage
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1) hypothetical-deductive reasoning
the ability to arrive at and test alternative explanations for observed events) 2) Propositional Thought the ability to evaluate logical validity of verbal assertions w/o referencing real-world circumstances |
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What is propositional thought & in what stage of Piaget’s theory does it develop?
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the ability to evaluate logical validity of verbal assertions w/o referencing real-world circumstances
emerges in Formal-Operational Stage (age 12+) |
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The Imaginary Audience
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the adolescent’s belief that others are as concerned with and critical of his bx as he is himself
during the early Formal-Operational stage |
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The Personal Fable
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the adolescent’s belief that she is unique and indestructible
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What has research shown about Piaget’s Theory of Cog Development?
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1) it is generally true that cog development occurs in an invariant sequence of stages
2) his theory underestimates what some are able to do, esp in the pre-operational stage 3) only about 50% of adults reach the Formal-Operational Stage! |
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Who argued that learning always occurs on two levels 1) first b/w child & person, then 2) then within the child
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Vygotsky
e.g., first child hears parent say “don’t do it that way” then eventually child says this outloud to herself, then eventually privately to herself |
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Which attachment style in infancy is somewhat predictive of hostile behavior in preschool?
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Disorganized-Disoriented
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What’s typically the youngest year that adults can have memories back to?
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3 y/o
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Code switching
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changing between languages during a conversation
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(Males/females) are more likely to use rhetorical questions
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women
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(Males/females) are more likely to interrupt
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no overall difference,
though women are more likely to interrupt for cooperation and rapport-building reasons |
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(Males/females) talk more
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MEN have been found to talk more overall,
or to talk more in certain circumstances (when the topic area is neutral or masculine) |
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What is “Ferberizing?”
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based on Ferber’s intervention for childhood sleeping problems:
”Progressive Waiting Period” |
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What was Harlow’s experiment & what did it demonstrate?
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HARLOW’s MONKEYS
separated from moms at birth provided with wire & terry cloth surrogate moms Although milk came from wire mom, babies preferred terry cloth Proved that contact comfort is a more important determinant of attachment than feeding |
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Bowlby’s Ethological Theory is a theory of what?
What does it argue? |
Bowlby’s Ethological Theory of Attachment
Infants and moms are biologically programmed for attachment accomplished via sucking, smiling, cooing, crying in babies and mom’s variation in voice tone and pitch in 1st 6 weeks so that baby’s sensory recognition of her is enhanced |
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When does preference for mom emerge & by when is attachment to mom clearly exhibited?
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preference for mom: 4 months
attachment to mom: 6-7 months |
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4 main signs of attachment
When do they emerge & peak? |
1) Separation Anxiety (beg 6mo, peak 14-18mo)
2) Stranger Anxiety (beg 8-10mo, peaks18mo’s) 3) Social Referencing (beg 6mos |
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What attachment style is represented below?
1) uninterested in environment 2) show little distress when mom leaves 3) avoid contact with her when she returns 4) mom tends to be either impatient & non-responsive or overly responsive, involved & stimulating |
Anxious-Avoidant
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What attachment style is represented below?
1) anxious even when mom is there 2) very distressed when mom leaves 3) ambivalent abt mom when she returns, or avoids contact 4) very wary of strangers even when mom is there 5) mom tends to be inconsistent – sometimes indifferent, sometimes enthusiastic |
Anxious-Resistant
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What attachment style is represented below?
1) explore environment alone or with mom 2) may be distressed when mom leaves 3) seeks contact w mom when she returns 4) can be open to strangers when mom is there 5) mom tends to be emotionally sensitive and responsive |
Securely Attached
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What attachment style is represented below?
1) bx is apprehensive, dazed, confused 2) conflicting responses to mom calternating b/w avoidance and proximity seeking 3) these children tend to have been maltreated |
Disorganized/Disoriented
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Define the 4 styles of adult attachment:
Secure-Autonomous Dismissing Preoccupied Unresolved |
1) Secure-Autonomous
2) Dismissing (devalues attached rxs, idealizes parents but can’t recall memories to support) 3) Preoccupied (disappointing childhood, tried to please parents, role reversals) 4) Unresolved (experienced trauma in childhood and haven’t mourned or integrated. Tend to have neg/dysfunctional rxs) |
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According to Maccoby, (girls/boys) have an ENABLING style,
while (girls/boys) have a RESTRICTIVE style of interacting |
ENABLING: Girls
RESTRICTIVE: Boys |
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When are adolescents most conforming? (what age?)
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12-14 y/o
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Who has worse outcomes?
Neglected or rejected children? |
Rejected children have worse outcomes
e.g., problems more likely to continue across time & settings, greater range of problems |
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What are Piaget’s 2 levels of moral reasoning?
What ages do they occupy? |
Heteronomous Morality (ages 4-7)
rules are unchangeable, justice is inescapable Autonomous Morality (ages 7-8 and above) rules are alterable acts are judges with reference to actor’s intentions |
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Intentional lying can be detected in children as young as
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3-4 y/o
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Kohlberg’s Preconventional stage
What ages? Description |
PRECONVENTIONAL
until age 10-13 Stage 1: morality based on avoiding punishment Stage 2: instrumental hedonistic definition of morality |
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Kohlberg’s Preconventional stage
What ages? Description |
PRECONVENTIONAL
until age 10-13 Stage 1: morality based on avoiding punishment Stage 2: instrumental hedonistic definition of morality |
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Kohlberg’s Conventional stage
What ages? Description |
CONVENTIONAL
begins ~10-13 Stage 3: maintaining approval “good boy” Stage 4: obedience to rules and authority |
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Kohlberg’s Postconventional stage
What ages? Description |
POSTCONVENTIONAL
potential emergence in mid-adol or later Stage 5: respect for democratically-determined laws Stage 6: universal principles (e.g., justice & fairness) |
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Anxious children develop higher levels of conscience when parents use ________ discipline
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gentle
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Fearless children develop higher levels of conscience when parents use of _______
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maternal responsiveness that promotes cooperation
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Temperament has a (strong/weak) genetic component?
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Strong
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9 dimensions of temperament
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1) adaptability
2) approach/withdraw 3) distractibility 4) attn span/persistence 5) mood 6) intensity of reaction 7) responsiveness 8) rhythmicity 9) activity level |
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Thomas & Chess’ theory about child temperament
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“Goodness-of-Fit”
a transactional model of development: maladjustment is caused by poorness of fit b/w child & environment |
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Ages associated w Freud’s Oral stage
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0-1y
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Ages associated w Freud’s Anal stage
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1-3yrs
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Ages associated w Freud’s Phallic stage
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3-6y
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Ages associated w Freud’s Latent stage
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6y/o-puberty
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Ages associated w Freud’s Genital stage
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post-puberty
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Ages associated with Trust vs Mistrust conflict of Erikson’s Personality Theory
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0-1y
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Ages associated with Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt conflict of Erikson’s Personality Theory
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1-3y
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Ages associated with Initiative vs. Guilt Conflict of Erikson’s Personality Theory
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3-6y
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Ages associated with Industry vs. Inferiority Conflict of Erikson’s Personality Theory
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6-Puberty
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Age category associated with Identity vs. Identity Confusion Conflict of Erikson’s Personality Theory
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Adolescence
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Age category associated with Intimacy vs. Isolation Conflict of Erikson’s Personality Theory
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Young Adulthood
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Age associated with Generativity vs. Stagnation Conflict of Erikson’s Personality Theory
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Middle Adulthood
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Age associated with Ego Integrity vs. Despair Conflict of Erikson’s Personality Theory
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Old age
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What are Baumrind’s 4 styles of parenting?
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1) Authoritative: expect kids to meet high standards & follow rules, seek kids’ input, warm, kids are achievement oriented, confident
2) Authoritarian: controlling & demanding, use punishment, kids often insecure, timid, unhappy, grow up dependent & unmotivated 3) Permissive: no rules, nurturing, kids have hard time controlling impulses, ignore rules, not involved in academic work 4) Uninvolved: undemanding, indifferent or rejecting, kids often noncompliant & demanding, lack self-control, prone to antisocial bx |
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Although ______ & _______ (racial groups) parents tend to be more Authoritative than _______ (racial group), their kids tend to do more poorly in school
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African-American & Hispanic-American parents = more authoritative than Asian-American parents
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Rank in order of outcomes A) early maturing girls
b) early maturing boys c) average maturing girls d) average maturing boys e) late maturing girls late maturing boys |
BEST Outcomes:
Early-maturing boys NEXT BEST: average maturing boys & girls late-maturing girls WORST Outcomes: early-maturing girls & late-maturing boys |
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Defining feature of Marcia’s “Identity Diffusion” stage of Identity Statuses
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IDENTITY DIFFUSION
No identity crisis no commitment to an identity |
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Defining feature of Marcia’s “Identity Foreclosure” stage of Identity Statuses
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IDENTITY FORECLOSURE
No identity crisis commitment to an identity suggested by parent or other person “I’m gonna be a therapist just like my mom” |
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Defining feature of Marcia’s “Identity Moratorium” stage of Identity Statuses
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IDENTITY MORATORIUM
Identity crisis Actively exploring options and beliefs |
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Defining feature of Marcia’s “Identity Achievement” stage of Identity Statuses
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IDENTITY ACHIEVEMENT
Identity crisis is resolved committed to a particular identity |
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What has research (Waterman, 1985) found regarding the % of people who achieve a stable identity by age 24?
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only about 60% of people achieved a stable identity by age 24
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At what age does fear of the dark peak?
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4-5 y/o
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Highly aggressive kids’ parents have what 5 characteristics?
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AGGRESSIVE KIDS
1) parents are REJECTING 2) LACK WARMTH 3) either very PERMISSIVE or INDIFFERENT 4) use POWER ASSERTIVE discipline 5) REINFORCE AGGRESSION w attn/rewards, 6) INCONSISTENT HARSH DISCIPLINE |
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What’s the impact of TV watching on childhood aggression?
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the more violent TV kids watch, the more aggressive they become.
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Most effective intervention for highly aggressive kids?
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Social-skills training
teaching kids alternative ways of resolving conflict, learning to better interpret others’ bxs, empathy training |
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What % of kids b/w 12-17yo used the following within the last month?
___% consumed at least 1 ETOH drink ___% smoked cig’s ___% used marijuana |
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21% consumed at least 1 ETOH drink 18% smoked cig’s 8% used marijuana |
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What age range in kids is associated with the worst outcomes immediately after divorce?
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WORST SHORT-TERM OUTCOMES
AFTER DIVORCE PRE_SCHOOLERS (tend to blame themselves, revert to less mature bxs, intense separation anx) |
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What gender has a “sleeper effect” associated with outcomes following divorce?
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SLEEPER EFFECT = GIRLS
few problems initially In adolescence: non-compliance, low self-esteem, emotional problems, antisocial bx |
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Which gender has worse school outcomes following the divorce of their parents?
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boys
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Which 3 emotions are established early in life & remain fairly stable over the lifespan?
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1) happiness
2) assertiveness 3) hostility |
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What were Levinson’s 4 “Seasons of a Man’s Life?”
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1) infancy – adolescence
2) early adulthood (entering adult world, age 30 transition, settling down) 3) middle adulthood 4) older adulthood |
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Terminal Drop
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substantial drop in all facets of intelligence occurring in the months before death
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What’s the relationship between aging and attention?
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singular attn is not impacted by age, but divided attn DOES decrease with age.
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The brain begins to shrink at around age ____, and after age ___ there’s an acceleration in brain atrophy
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30 & 60
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Which brain regions experience the greatest loss of neurons with age?
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1) hippocampus
2) cortex 3) locus cerelus |
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The greatest age-related declines are found in which 2 memory functions?
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1) (recent) long-term memory
2) working memory (Remote LT memory isn’t as affected) |
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The greatest age-related declines are found in which memory functions:
a) episodic (personal experiences) b) semantic c) procedural? |
a – episodic
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Who tends to be LESS accurate in their metamemory – Older or younger adults?
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OLDER = less accurate in their metamemory (not when it comes to GENERAL predictions of memory, but predictions about performance on a particular task)
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What are the 3 differences related to sexuality b/w younger & older women?
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1) less intense orgasms
2) thinner vaginal walls 3) reduced lubrication |
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What are the 4 sexual changes in men with aging?
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1) fewer spontaneous erections
2) more time required to attain erection 3) more difficulty maintaining erection 4) longer refractory period |
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Beginning around ____ y/o, the difference b/w men’s and women’s sexual activity gets even more profound
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60yo
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For men and women, the best predictor of sexual activity in later life is best predicted by
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sexual activity in previous decades
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For men, ________ is a strong predictor of sexual activity later in life, whereas for women, ________ is a strong predictor
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MEN = health status
WOMEN = availability of partner |
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Between ages ___-___ children think death is a reversible sleep-like state.
Between ages ___-___ children recognize death is irreversible and become anxious about it |
2-7yo
7-11yo |
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What are Kubler-Ross’ 5 stages of grief?
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DABDA
1) Denial 2) Anger 3) Bargaining 4) Depression 5) Acceptance |
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