Developmental Exam Iii

Front 1

What is the process to form the neural tube?

Back 1

Neural fold > Neural groove > Neural crest > Neural tube

Front 2

Process that forms the neural tube, derived from the ectoderm.

Back 2

Neurulation

Front 3

Forbrain not formed right due to follic acid deficit.

Back 3

Anencephaly

Front 4

What are the 3 primary vesicles of the brain?

Back 4

Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon

Front 5

What are the 5 secondary vesicles?

Back 5

Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, Myelencephalon

Front 6

"segments" or compartments in the hindbrain - important for brain and nervous system patterning.

Back 6

Rhombomeres

Front 7

What influences the identity and fates of rhombomeres?

Back 7

Hox genes

Front 8

In formation of the neural tube what does the ectoderm release and to what portion of the neural tube?

Back 8

TGF-Beta - BMP4 and BMP7
Roof plate

Front 9

In formation of the neural tube what does the notochord release and to what portion of the neural tube?

Back 9

Shh
Floor Plate

Front 10

BMP4

Back 10

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins 4

Front 11

Shh

Back 11

Sonic hedgehog

Front 12

Source of neurons in the neural tube (one cell layer thick)

Back 12

Germinal neuroepithelium

Front 13

Germinal epithelium: In what phase do cell bodies move outward?

Back 13

S phase

Front 14

Germinal epithelium: In what phase do cell bodies move inward?

Back 14

Mitosis

Front 15

3 basic zones of germinal epithelium

Back 15

Ventricular zone
Intermediate zone
Marginal zone

Front 16

After division, migrating cells form a second layer, contain the cell bodies.

Back 16

Intermediate zone
(mantle)

Front 17

The original inside single cell layer, sole source where new cells form.

Back 17

Ventricular zone
(proliferative)

Front 18

Cells start to differentiate and have axons surrounded by glia.

Back 18

Marginal zone

Front 19

Neural tube forms the _________.

Back 19

CNS (central nervous system)

Front 20

Dorsal region receives input from sensory neurons.

Back 20

Alar region

Front 21

Ventral region where motor neurons transmit information to the body.

Back 21

Basel region

Front 22

CNS

Back 22

Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord

Front 23

PNS

Back 23

Peripheral nervous system: outside CNS; nerves and ganglia

Front 24

Bring input from sensory cell to the CNS.

Back 24

Sensory neurons

Front 25

Conveys impulses from CNS to muscle, gland or other effector tissue.

Back 25

Motor neurons

Front 26

An additional mitotic layer that forms in the cerebellum.

Back 26

External granule layer

Front 27

Maintain balance and variant muscle movements.

Back 27

Cerebellum

Front 28

Forms in a tree form and branchlets can connect with other neurons.

Back 28

Dendritic arbor

Front 29

Thinking part of the brain, upper part and left/right part.

Back 29

Cerebrum

Front 30

6 layers of the cerebellum created by migrating neuroblasts and glioblasts and form a corticle plate.

Back 30

Neocortex

Front 31

Granule neurons that go through mitosis multiple times and go back toward the inside layers.

Back 31

Internal granule layer

Front 32

What are the parts of the CNS?

Back 32

Neurons, Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Microglia

Front 33

Required to determine a neuronal fate (notch/delta), transmembrane proteins

Back 33

Neurogenic genes

Front 34

Induce neural competence (achaete-scute complex), bHLH transcription factors, targets of notch

Back 34

Proneural genes

Front 35

Where do neuroblasts come from?

Back 35

Mesodermal cells on ventral side after gastrulation.

Front 36

Ability to respond into a specific inductive signal "the ear".

Back 36

Competence

Front 37

Notch loss of function mutation

Back 37

ALL neurogenic ectodermal precursors develop into neural cells at expense of hypodermis.

Front 38

Transmembrane ligand that contacts a transmembrane receptor.

Back 38

Juxtacrine signaling

Front 39

Ligand for notch

Back 39

Delta

Front 40

High concentrations of notch produce ________.

Back 40

Hypoblast

Front 41

High concentrations of delta produce ________.

Back 41

Neuroblast

Front 42

One cell makes more delta and down regulates the delta in neighboring cells, common theme to make cells different.

Back 42

Lateral inhibition

Front 43

Neurogenic ectodermal precursors develop into either neural or hypodermal cell fates (1 of 2 fates).

Back 43

Bipotential cell fates

Front 44

In Notch/Delta pathway what turns delta off?

Back 44

Juxtacrine signaling

Front 45

Examples of Neurogenic genes? Mutant phenotype? WT function?

Back 45

Notch/ Delta
Mutant: too many neurons
WT: differentiation of some precursors to hypodermis fate (transmembrane proteins)

Front 46

Examples of Proneural genes? Mutant phenotype? WT function?

Back 46

Scute, Lethal of scute, Asense, Achaete
Mutant: too few neurons
WT: NB differentiation into neurons (TF)

Front 47

Disease of the brain that disrupts the layer formation and migration, smooth brain.

Back 47

Lessencephaly

Front 48

Mechanism for positioning neurons within the developing mammalian brain.

Back 48

Glial guidance

Front 49

Conduct electrical impulses, communicate with other neurons and organs.

Back 49

Neuronal cells

Front 50

Surround neurons, providing metabolic and physical support.

Back 50

Glial cells

Front 51

Adhesion protein used by neurons to maintain its adhesion to the glial cell

Back 51

Astrotactin

Front 52

What layers are inverted in the reeler mouse mutant?

Back 52

Cerebral cortex (early inverted with late born).

Front 53

What protein helps in migration and organization of neuronal cells?

Back 53

Reelin

Front 54

Forms in the diencephalon from the retina and develops into the eye.

Back 54

Optic vesicle

Front 55

Lens thickens and is an elongation of the epithelial layer.

Back 55

Lens placode

Front 56

One tissue signals another to change or differentiate in some way "the voice".

Back 56

Induction

Front 57

Multiple rounds of communication between cells.

Back 57

Reciprocal induction

Front 58

Neuroblasts of the retina are initially competent to make all 7 cell types.

Back 58

Neural retina

Front 59

Broad gene transcription (mRNA) but not all cells translate the message into protein.

Back 59

Regulated translation

Front 60

Gene specific regulators of translation and sometimes transcription.

Back 60

MicroRNA

Front 61

What separates pax-6 regions in the head?

Back 61

Shh

Front 62

Most important gene in eye development, inhibited by shh, Rx is a regulator.

Back 62

Pax-6

Front 63

Ectopic eyes on head of drosophila, poor organization of eye so not functional.

Back 63

Ommatidia

Front 64

Formed by the neural ectoderm, 2 cell layers thick.

Back 64

Optic cup

Front 65

A gene that turns on/ regulates all genes downstream necessary to develop a portion of body (eye).

Back 65

Master control gene

Front 66

No eyes are formed.

Back 66

Eyeless gene

Front 67

Layer of cells in the epidermis that constantly divide and have kerationcyte stem cells.

Back 67

Basal layer

Front 68

Layer of cells in the epidermis of dead flat cells.

Back 68

Cornified layer

Front 69

Layer of cells in the epidermis of flat cells filled with keratin.

Back 69

Granular layer

Front 70

Layer of cells in the epidermis of spinny cells that make keratin.

Back 70

Spinous layer

Front 71

Actively dividing cells in the epidermis.

Back 71

Malpighian layer

Front 72

Cells producing melanin contained in the basal layer of the epidermis, hair follicles, inner ear, and eye; derive from the neural crest.

Back 72

Melanocytes

Front 73

Pigmentation that is shown in cells.

Back 73

Melanin

Front 74

Outer most layer of cells that make up the skin, derived from the ectoderm.

Back 74

Epidermis

Front 75

The inner layer of cells that make up the skin, derived from the mesoderm.

Back 75

Dermis

Front 76

Rx

Back 76

Retinal homeobox

Front 77

Growth factor made in the dermis and help express basal cells in the epidermis.

Back 77

KGF (Keratin growth factor)

Front 78

Excessive exfoliation of epidermal cells.

Back 78

Psoriasis

Front 79

Growth factor that acts on the same cell that signaled it, in basal cells.

Back 79

Autocrine growth factor

Front 80

A localized thickening of basal epidermal cells.

Back 80

Epidermal placode

Front 81

Collection of cells right below the epidermal placode.

Back 81

Dermal papilla

Front 82

Oil secreted by the sebaceous glands.

Back 82

Sebum

Front 83

Outer most layer of a mature hair, contain a lot of keratin, large cells.

Back 83

Cuticle

Front 84

Middle layer of a mature hair, contains pigment filled cells.

Back 84

Cortex

Front 85

Inner most layer of a mature hair, contains minimal protein.

Back 85

Medulla

Front 86

Contains hair follicle and melanocyte stem cells.

Back 86

Bulge region

Front 87

Hair on a phetus.

Back 87

Lanugo hair

Front 88

Hair on a newborn that is soft, fine, and with little pigmentation.

Back 88

Vellus hair

Front 89

Mature, thicker, pigmented hair.

Back 89

Terminal hair

Front 90

Hair that is actively growing, month to years in this stage.

Back 90

Mature anagen

Front 91

Hair in the controlled regression stage, weeks.

Back 91

Catagen

Front 92

Hair in the resting state, often shed.

Back 92

Telogen

Front 93

Inhibited by Dickkopf.

Back 93

Ectodysplasin

Front 94

Excess (terminal) facial/body hair in women.

Back 94

Hirsutism

Front 95

Hair is more excessive than appropriate for age, sex, or ethnicity.

Back 95

Hypertrichosis

Front 96

Dkk1

Back 96

Dickkopf 1

Front 97

Monomer with large amounts of black or brown melanin.

Back 97

Eumelanin monomer

Front 98

Large amounts of red melanin.

Back 98

Pheomelanin monomer

Front 99

Lack of melanin in hair, eyes, and/or skin, caused by a mutation in tyrosinase.

Back 99

Albanism

Front 100

Gene at the beginning of melanin production that is colorless.

Back 100

Tyrosine

Front 101

Protein in the skin that makes it water proof.

Back 101

Keratin

Front 102

The neural crest (dorsal of neural tube) contributes to the development of what tissues?

Back 102

Cranial neurons and glia, cartilage and bone, connective, pigment cells, sensory neurons and glia, and sympatho-adrenal cells.

Front 103

Neural crest undergoes what kind of transition to change the shape, increase affinity for substrate, become motile, and lose adhesion?

Back 103

EMT (Epithelial to mesenchymal transition)

Front 104

What are the 3 major and 2 minor kinds of neural crest?

Back 104

Major: Cranial, cardiac, and trunk
Minor: Vegal and sacral

Front 105

2 paths cells take for trunk neural crest

Back 105

1 - ventrally through anterior sclerotome
2 - dorsolateral route between epidermis and dermis

Front 106

Phenotype due to incomplete migration and differentiation of neural crest cells contributing to melanocytes.

Back 106

White spotting gene

Front 107

Cells that develop the face, connective tissue, and cartilage.

Back 107

Cranial neural crest

Front 108

Cells that develop the septum of the heart and connective tissue of arteries.

Back 108

Cardiac neural crest

Front 109

Cells that develop melanocytes, adrenal medulla, nervous system, and dorsal root gaglion.

Back 109

Trunk neural crest

Front 110

Mutation in KIT gene that causes white patches of skin on the ventral side commonly on the stomach and forehead.

Back 110

Piebaldism

Front 111

RTK

Back 111

Receptor tyrosine kinase

Front 112

MITF

Back 112

Microphthalmia

Front 113

Segmented block of tissue derived from paraxial mesoderm.

Back 113

Somite

Front 114

Cells from the trunk neural crest that migrate through the anterior portion of each somite (NOT posterior).

Back 114

HNK-1

Front 115

Cell surface tethered guidance cues, membrane dissociate protein, repulsive from posterior side of somite.

Back 115

Ephrins

Front 116

Interact with Ephrins in juxtacrine signaling, expressed on migrating neural crest cells, transmembrane protein with tyrosine kinase domain.

Back 116

Eph receptor

Front 117

Clips ephrin A and breaks the connection between the adjoined cells of the extracellular martix.

Back 117

Metalloprotinase

Front 118

Where do the cranial neural crest cells migrate to and how?

Back 118

Pharyngeal arches and frontonasal process by way of rhombomeres

Front 119

Direct conversion of neural crest derived mesenchyme into bone (no cartilage intermediate).

Back 119

Intramembraneous ossification

Front 120

Committed to bone prefix, secreted by the osteoid matrix and binds with Ca2++.

Back 120

Osteoblast

Front 121

Cells embedded in the osteoid matrix committed to bone prefix.

Back 121

Osteocytes

Front 122

Formation of bone tissue where cartilage is present and essential in the growth in length of the bones.

Back 122

Endochondral ossification

Front 123

3 parts of the limb from proximal to distal

Back 123

Stylopod, Zeugopod, Autopod

Front 124

Free limb cells that have the potential to generate a limb.

Back 124

Limb field

Front 125

Cell-cell communication allows cells to sense their environment and adjust cell fates accordingly to make a complete structure (in contrast to mosaic development).

Back 125

Regulative development

Front 126

Type of mesoderm that gives rise to cells that make the limbs.

Back 126

Lateral plate mesoderm

Front 127

What type of mesoderm makes up limb buds?

Back 127

Both lateral plate and paraxial mesoderm

Front 128

Earliest signal in the bud tissue to signal limb to form, paracrine factor.

Back 128

FGF 10
(Fibroblast growth factor 10)

Front 129

Tbx

Back 129

T-box

Front 130

Gene that signals to form the forelimb (arm/wing).

Back 130

TBX5

Front 131

Gene that signals to form the hindlimb (leg).

Back 131

TBX4

Front 132

Formation of a limb that expresses both leg and wing, combination of the hindlimb and forelimb.

Back 132

Chimera

Front 133

Plasma membrane internalized until destabilized and cells break apart.

Back 133

Endocytosis

Front 134

Gives information to limb bud to be anterior or posterior, determines axis.

Back 134

ZPA: Zone of polarizing activity

Front 135

Thickening of ectoderm at the tip of a developing limb bud, required for bud outgrowth.

Back 135

AER: Apical ectodermal ridge

Front 136

What is the source of FGF 10?

Back 136

Mesenchyme

Front 137

What helps stabilize the expression of FGF 10? Where?

Back 137

Wnt in LPM (lateral plate mesoderm) region

Front 138

Concept that AER and FGF10 are interdependent, without one the other doesn't work or and isn't generated. Gene regulation coordinates AER and mesenchyme.

Back 138

Feed-forward loop

Front 139

What are the major players in limb formation?

Back 139

Wnt's, Tbx's, and FGF's

Front 140

What is Wnt used for?

Back 140

Continued limb growth in length

Front 141

What is Tbx used for?

Back 141

Determination of hindlimb or forelimb

Front 142

How is the proximo-distal axis formed?

Back 142

Progress Zone Model
Early Allocation and Progenitor Expansion Model

Front 143

The axis is laid down a little at a time.

Back 143

Progress Zone Model

Front 144

The axis is formed very early in a small rudiment that then expands to form the limb.

Back 144

Early Allocation and Progenitor Expansion Model

Front 145

A high MW extracellular matrix glycoprotein, binds integrin receptors, important in cell-cell adhesion.

Back 145

Fibronectin

Front 146

Chondrocytes start to express TGFbeta and begin to condense.

Back 146

Active site

Front 147

Precursor to cartilage

Back 147

Chondrocytes

Front 148

Cartilage nodules continue forming, building on the first condensations.

Back 148

Frozen zone

Front 149

FGF's diffuse from AER, inhibit fibronectin synthesis, no condensation of nodules.

Back 149

Apical zone

Front 150

What molecules act as the ZPA morphogen?

Back 150

Shh but only in ZPA posterior region

Front 151

Extra digits

Back 151

Polydactyly

Front 152

Alters the expression pattern of shh in limb bud, extra digits (gain of function)

Back 152

Hx: Hemimelic extra toes

Front 153

Gene that limits the number of digits

Back 153

Gli3

Front 154

Fingers fused or joined and used together.

Back 154

Syndactyly

Front 155

Paracrine factor that respecifies cells to a more proximal position, synthesized in the epidermis and forms gradients through blastema.

Back 155

RA: retinoic acid

Front 156

What specifies the dorsal ventral axis?

Back 156

Ectoderm and Wnt 7 (more on D side)

Front 157

Programmed cell death.

Back 157

Apoptosis

Front 158

Cell death due to wounding.

Back 158

Necrosis

Front 159

Polydactyly and syndactyly together.

Back 159

Synpolydactyly

Front 160

Three ways to regenerate?

Back 160

Epimorphosis, morphallaxis, compensatory regeneration

Front 161

Period of dedifferentiation then re-differentiation into a new portion of the limb (starting over to form a limb).

Back 161

Epimorphosis

Front 162

Re-patterning of existing tissue without additional growth.

Back 162

Morphallaxis

Front 163

Replace missing parts with already differentiated cells.

Back 163

Compensatory regeneration

Front 164

On head region of a hydra that helps to sweep in food.

Back 164

Hypostome

Front 165

A cell that has gone backwards and has become undifferentiated.

Back 165

Dedifferentiated

Front 166

A cell that has been dedifferentiated and now differentiated again.

Back 166

Redifferetiated

Front 167

Protective covering that covers a limb that has been lost during the regeneration process.

Back 167

Wound epidermis

Front 168

Mound of dedifferentiated cells beneath the epidermis.

Back 168

Blastema

Front 169

Low retinoic acid signals a cell to have a more ________ position.

Back 169

Proximal

Front 170

RA synthesized in the ________ forms a gradient through ________ and activates ________ gene.

Back 170

Epidermis
blastema
HoxA

Front 171

What are the hypostome gradient candidates?

Back 171

Wnt (paracrine factor)
goosecold (TF)

Front 172

What are the foot gradient candidates?

Back 172

Shin guard gene - inhibitory
manacle gene - regulate shin guard

Front 173

Epimorphosis regeneration process

Back 173

wound healing > dedifferentiation > blastema beneath epidermis > blastema elongation > re-patterning > redifferentiation