Developmental Exam 2

Front 1

Equipped at birth with built in capacities that make it possible to understand the environment and form social relationships.

Back 1

Preadapted

Front 2

The technical term for a baby in the first month of life.

Back 2

Neonate

Front 3

The part of the brain that controls reflexes and basic survival functions.

Back 3

Brainstem

Front 4

The brain structure involved in motor control and balance.

Back 4

Cerebellum

Front 5

The brain structure that relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

Back 5

Thalamus

Front 6

A collection of brain structures involved in physiological regulation, sensory integration, memory formation and emotional responses.

Back 6

Limbic System

Front 7

A brain structure that regulates physiological functions.

Back 7

Hypothalamus

Front 8

A brain structure that integrates sensory information and is essential to memory formation.

Back 8

Hippocampus

Front 9

A brain structure involved in memory formation and emotional responses.

Back 9

Amygdala

Front 10

Short, branching neuron structures that receive electrical impulses from other neurons.

Back 10

Dendrites

Front 11

Long neuron structures that branch at the end and relay electrical impulses to other neurons.

Back 11

Axons

Front 12

Formation of synapses, or connections between neurons.

Back 12

Synaptogenesis

Front 13

Brain cells that provide structural support and nourishment for neurons.

Back 13

Glial Cells

Front 14

Formation of myelin sheaths around the nerve fibers, which helps speed conduction of electrical impulses.

Back 14

Myelination

Front 15

The capacity for different areas of the brain to take on new functions.

Back 15

Plasticity

Front 16

A time when particular experiences are especially important for development.

Back 16

Sensitive Period

Front 17

Synapse formation in response to input that can be expected in virtually any environment typical for a particular species.

Back 17

Experience-expectant Synaptogenesis

Front 18

Synapse formation in response to environmental input specific to an individual.

Back 18

Experience-dependent Synaptogenesis

Front 19

An automatic, inborn response to a particular stimulus.

Back 19

Reflex

Front 20

The decrease in attention that occurs when the same stimulus is presented repeatedly.

Back 20

Habituation

Front 21

The response when a stimulus is first presented, involving both behavioral and physiological changes.

Back 21

Orienting Response

Front 22

Increased attention to a new stimulus after habituation to a previous stimulus.

Back 22

Dishabituation

Front 23

Learning that certain stimuli or events tend to go together or to be associated with one another.

Back 23

Associative Learning

Front 24

A learning process in which a new stimulus comes to elicit an established reflex response through association with an old stimulus.

Back 24

Classical Conditioning

Front 25

Learning in which behaviors are influenced by their consequences.

Back 25

Instumental or Operant Conditioning

Front 26

Any event following a behavior that increases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated.

Back 26

Reinforcement

Front 27

The relationship between events and their consequences.

Back 27

Contingencies

Front 28

Reinforcing gradually closer approximations of a target behavior.

Back 28

Shaping

Front 29

A way of learning new behaviors by copying others' behaviors.

Back 29

Imitative Learning

Front 30

The genetic predisposition to learn certain behaviors.

Back 30

Preparedness

Front 31

The rapid, jerky eye movements that occur when the gaze is shifted to a new object.

Back 31

Saccadic Eye Movements

Front 32

The smooth, continuous eye motions used to track a moving object.

Back 32

Pursuit Eye Movements

Front 33

Early spontaneous arm movements, sometimes made in response to an object.

Back 33

Prereaching

Front 34

Rhythmic, repetitive leg movements elicited automatically when an infant reaches a certain level of excitement.

Back 34

Stereotypic Leg Movements

Front 35

The degree to which one can see fineness of detail.

Back 35

Visual Acuity

Front 36

The light-sensitive surface at the back of the eye.

Back 36

Retina

Front 37

The central region of the retina where fine detail and color are primarily detected.

Back 37

Fovea

Front 38

Perceiving stimuli that vary along a continuum as belonging to distinct categories.

Back 38

Categorical Perception

Front 39

The process by which the brain interprets information from the senses, giving it order and meaning.

Back 39

Perception

Front 40

Visual cues in which information about depth and distance is carried in the motion of objects.

Back 40

Kinetic Depth Cues

Front 41

Visual cues for depth and distance resulting from the fact that visual information reaches the brain from two eyes.

Back 41

Binocular Depth Cues

Front 42

A condition in which the eyes misaligned and do not function together.

Back 42

Strabismus

Front 43

Visual cues that can be used to depict depth and distance in two-dimensional pictures.

Back 43

Pictorial Depth Cues

Front 44

The ability to perceive an object viewed from different distances as constant in size even though its image on the retina grows larger or smaller.

Back 44

Size Constancy

Front 45

The ability to perceive an object as constant in shape, even though its image on the retina changes shape when the object is viewed from different angles.

Back 45

Shape Constancy

Front 46

Piaget's term for the first two years of life, when awareness of the world is limited to what can be known through sensory awareness and motor acts.

Back 46

Sensorimotor Period

Front 47

In Piaget's theory, the process by which children change in order to function more effectively in their environment.

Back 47

Adaptation

Front 48

In Piaget's theory, the process of applying an existing capability without modification to various situations.

Back 48

Assimilation

Front 49

In Piaget's theory, the process of modifying an existing strategy or skill to meet a new demand of the environment.

Back 49

Accommodation

Front 50

In Piaget's theory, cognitive structures that can be applied to a variety of situations.

Back 50

Schemes

Front 51

In Piaget's theory, a self-regulatory process that produces increasingly effective adaptations.

Back 51

Equilibration

Front 52

A behavior that produces an interesting event, initially by chance, and is repeated.

Back 52

Circular Reaction

Front 53

A circular reaction involving an infant's own body.

Back 53

Primary Circular Reaction

Front 54

A circular reaction involving the effects of an infant's behavior on an external object.

Back 54

Secondary Circular Reaction

Front 55

A goal-directed chain of behaviors.

Back 55

Coordination of Schemes

Front 56

A circular reaction involving purposeful, trial-and-error experimentation with a variety of objects.

Back 56

Tertiary Circular Reaction

Front 57

Imitation of observed behavior after time has elapsed, indicating an infant's ability to store a representation of the behavior in memory.

Back 57

Deferred Imitation

Front 58

In Piaget's theory, the ability to make one thing stand for another.

Back 58

Symbolic or Representational Thought

Front 59

Piaget's term for inconsistencies in a child's cognitive development across different domains.

Back 59

Decalage

Front 60

A contemporary developmental theorist who believes infants have a wide range of innate abilities and knowledge.

Back 60

Neo-nativist

Front 61

The information-processing capacity available at any one time.

Back 61

Working Memory

Front 62

The understanding that objects continue to exist when they are out of sight.

Back 62

Object Permanence

Front 63

A type of memory in which a particular stimulus is perceived as familiar.

Back 63

Recognition Memory

Front 64

Active retrieval of information from memory.

Back 64

Recall

Front 65

A type of memory in which a familiar stimulus triggers recall of stored information.

Back 65

Cued Recall

Front 66

Memory that is conscious, involves mental representation of images or ideas, and can be explicitly stated or declared.

Back 66

Explicit or Declarative Memory

Front 67

Memory that is unconscious, involves memory for procedures or skills, and does not lend itself to explicit statement.

Back 67

Implicit or Procedural Memory

Front 68

Adults' inability to recall events from infancy.

Back 68

Infantile Amnesia

Front 69

Enduring memory of one's own past.

Back 69

Autobiographical Memory

Front 70

True social interactions involving mutual exchanges between partners.

Back 70

Reciprocity

Front 71

Caregivers' adjustment of the stimulation they provide in response to signs from the infant.

Back 71

Attunement

Front 72

A caregiving style in which the caregiver attends to the infant's needs and responds to them promptly and effectively.

Back 72

Sensitive Care

Front 73

A form of visual mastery in which the infant recognizes a familiar stimulus and assimilates it to an established scheme.

Back 73

Recognitory Assimilation

Front 74

A state of feeling that arises when a person evaluates an event in a particular way.

Back 74

Emotion

Front 75

Negative reactions of infants to strangers.

Back 75

Stranger Distress

Front 76

An enduring emotional tie between infant and caregiver.

Back 76

Attachment

Front 77

Negative reactions of infants when the caregiver temporarily leaves.

Back 77

Separation Distress

Front 78

Positive reactions of infants when caregiver appears.

Back 78

Greeting Reactions

Front 79

Behavior in which the infant uses the caregiver as a base for exploration.

Back 79

Secure-base Behavior

Front 80

The parent's initial emotional tie to the newborn.

Back 80

Bonding

Front 81

A pattern of attachment in which the infant is confident of the caregiver's availability and responsiveness and can use the caregiver as a secure base for exploration.

Back 81

Secure Attachment

Front 82

A pattern of attachment in which the infant is not confident of the caregiver's availability and responsiveness and cannot use the caregiver as a secure base for exploration.

Back 82

Anxious Attachment

Front 83

An attachment pattern in which the infant separates from the caregiver reluctantly but shows ambivalence towards the caregiver after a brief separation.

Back 83

Anxious-resistant Attachment

Front 84

An attachment pattern in which the infant readily separates from the caregiver but avoids contact after a brief separation.

Back 84

Anxious-avoidant Attachment

Front 85

A type of anxious attachment in which the infant shows contradictory features of several patterns of anxious attachment or appears dazed and disoriented.

Back 85

Disorganized-disoriented Attachment

Front 86

An infant's generalized expectations about the social world, including caregiver responsiveness, the infant's own ability to obtain care, and the nature of social relationships.

Back 86

Internal Working Model

Front 87

An individual infant's general style of behavior across contexts.

Back 87

Temperament

Front 88

The idea that certain kinds of experience are especially important at particular points in development.

Back 88

Sensitive Period Hypothesis