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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What were the views of children in ancient times/the middle ages? |
Children were seen as innately evil. Discipline was harsh. Considered as property/servants. |
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Considered the "Age of Reason" for children. |
Age 7 |
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What was "tabula rasa"? |
Theorized by John Locke. Children are a product of their environment and experience. AKA "blank slate theory" |
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What were the views of Jean Jacques Rousseau on children? |
He believed they were inherently good and that they naturally develop into moral adults. "noble savages" |
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What family values were brought about in the Industrial revolution? (Advent of nuclear family) |
Family consisted of mother, father, and children.(excluding extended family) Children were more visible and included. Childhood seen as a unique time of life. |
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What laws were enacted in the 20th century to protect children from harsh and unfair conditions? |
Protection from hard labour, sexual exploits/parental abuse. Required schooling until a certain age. Prevented marriage. Juvenile courts for children in the Criminal Justice system. |
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What did Charles Darwin do? |
He kept a baby biography of his infant son and developed the theory of evolution. |
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What did Binet and Simon do? |
first standardized testing to identify academically challenged children. |
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Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory (3 parts of personality) |
Focus on emotional and social development. including the origin of personality: (Id, Ego, Superego) |
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What is the "Id"? |
The "id" is present at birth and represents the innate, unconsious, biological drives. Drive for immediate gratification. |
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What is the "Ego"? |
The "ego" curbs the id's drives for immediate gratfication. The ego compromises to keep with social conventions (avoid social disapproval). |
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What is the "Superego"? |
Brings inward the morals and wishes of their environment/caregivers. Source of guilt/shame. Develops in infancy/early childhood. |
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What are the 5 stages of Freud's Psychosexual Development? |
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital |
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Psychosocial development (Erik Erikson) |
Emphasizes consciousness and choice. Positive early life can help with later stresses. More focus on social relationships and physical maturation. |
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What did John B. Watson believe? (Behaviorism) |
He believed in the objective, scientific approach. Only observable behavior relevant. |
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Arnold Gesell focused on what aspects of developmental psychology? |
Biological maturation. Physical aspects. |
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What is "classical conditioning"? |
A neutral stimulus brings forth a response usually caused by a second stimulus as a result of being paired with the second stimulus. |
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What is "operational conditioning"? (B.F. Skinner) |
Learning occurs due to the reinforcement effect. |
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What is "Reinforcement"? |
An act that increases the frequency of behavior they follow. |
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"Positive Reinforcement" |
Increases the frequency of behavior when applied. |
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"Negative reinforcement" |
Increases the frequency of behavior when removed. |
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"extinction" |
Eventual cessation of a conditioned response in the absence of reinforcement. |
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"Punishment" |
Decrease the frequency of behavior they follow. |
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Issues with "punishment" |
No alternative, acceptable behavior. Only effective when delivery is guaranteed. Possible anger and hostility. |
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What is the "Social cognitive theory"? |
Explores the mental processes associated with observational learning through observation of peers, teachers, and role models. |
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What is a "model"? |
whomever we pattern our behavior after. |
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What does the "Cognitive-Developmental Theory" entail? |
A child's ability to mentally represent the world, solve problems due to experience and maturation of neurological structures. (Jean Piaget- children are natural physicists) |
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What is a "scheme"? |
A pattern of action involved in aquiring/organizing knowledge. |
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What is "adaptation"? |
interation between an organism and its environment. |
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What is "assimilation"? (cognitive assimilation) |
The incorporation of new objects into existing schemes. |
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What is "accomodation"? |
The modification of a scheme to incorporate new objects/knowledge. |
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What is "equilibration"? |
The process of restoring cognitive equilibrium by accomodation. "heart of a child's natural curiosity" |
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What are the 4 stages of Cognitive development? |
Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational |
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What is the "information Processing theory"? |
Encoding -> Storing -> retrieval of information |
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What is "Ethology"? |
The study of instinctive, inborn, behavior patterns |
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What is a "Fixed Action Pattern"? (FAP) |
stereotyped pattern of behavior evoked by instinct |
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What is "ecology"? |
The study of the interactions between an organism and its environment |
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Ecological Systems Theory |
Addresses aspects of psychological, social, and emotional developmet, including aspects of biological development |
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What is a "Microsystem"? |
Immediate settings with which the child interacts (home, school, peers) |
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What is a "Mesosystem"? |
Interlocking settings that influence child (school field-trips and larger community) |
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What is an "exosystem"? |
community and institutions that indirectly influence child (school board, parent's workplaces, extended family) |
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What is a "Macrosystem"? |
basic attitudes and ideologies that influence child (culture, life-style) |
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What is a "chronosystem"? |
Environmental changes that occur over time (child abuse, drug abuse, teen pregnancy) |
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Sociocultural theory (Lev Vygotsky) |
people are affected by culture/area. concentrated on process of transmitting information and cognitive skills by generation (child's social interations) |
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What does the "Zone of Proximal Development" refer to? |
It refers to a range of tasks that a child can carry out with the help of someone who is more skilled |
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What is "scaffolding"? |
providing help until they have the ability to function independently "temporary skeletal structure" |
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Naturalistic observation |
Observation in which children are observed in their natural environment |
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Case study |
A carefully drawn account of the behavior of an individual |
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Correlation Coefficient |
A number that expresses the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables. |
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What is an "experiment"? |
"Cause and Effect" -hypothesis -control group -independent/dependent variables -random assignment** -ethical/practical considerations |
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Longitudinal research |
study of developmental processes by taking repeated measures of the same group at various stages of development Drawbacks: death, lose touch |
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cross-sequential research |
study of developmental processes by taking measures of participants of different age groups at the same time Cohort effect**-group born at same time |
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Ethical considerations |
-voluntary participation(consent) -no physical or psychological harm to individual -confidentiality -can withdraw at any time -must gain approval by comittee |
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Down syndrome |
mental retardation caused by an extra chromosome on the 21st pair |
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Klinefelter syndrome |
chromosomal abnormality in males characterized by infertility and mild mental retardation caused by an extra X-chromosome (XXY) 1 in 500 males |
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Turner syndrome |
Chromosomal abnormality in females that is caused by only having a single X chromosome characterized by infertility (X) 1 in 2,500 females |
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"Super males" |
Heightened secondary sex characteristics -taller -heavier beards -mildly delayed in language development (XYY) 1 in 700-1,000 males |
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Phenylketonuria (PKU) |
Child cannot metabolize phenylalanine, resulting in build-up and impaired funtioning of CNS -possible mental retardation, psychological disorders, physical problems -recessive -1 in 8,000 |
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Huntington's Disease (HD) |
fatal, progressive degenerative disorder leading to uncontrollable muscle movements, loss of intellect, personality change -onset middle age -dominant -1 in 18,000 americans |
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Sickle-cell anemia |
RBC take on the shape of a sickle and clump together -obstruct small blood vessels -decreased oxygen supply (impaired cognition) -recessive - 1 in 10 african americans -1 in 20 latino americans |
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Tay-sachs Disease |
Causes the CNS to degenerate, resulting in death (usually by age 5) -recessive -most common in Jewish families of eastern europe |
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Cystic fibrosis |
Fatal genetic disorder in which mucus obstructs lungs and pancreas -most die by 20 |
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Hemophilia |
sex-linked genetic disorder in which individual is missing a clotting factor -X-chromosome |
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Duchenne Muscular dystrophy |
-sex-linked weakening of the muscles which can lead to wasting away, inability to walk, and sometimes death |
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Amniocentesis |
procedure for drawing and examining fetal cells in amniotic fluid to determine presence of genetic disorders |
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Chorionic Villus Sampling |
method of prenatal detection of genetic abnormalities that samples membrane enveloping amniotic sac and fetus |
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Ultrasound |
high-frequency sound waves used to obtain information about the fetus. waves are reflected by fetus and a picture(sonogram) is generated |
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Sonogram |
picture of the fetus by ultrasound |
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alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) assay |
used to detect neural tube defects such as spina bifida and certain chromosomal abnormalities -neural tube defects cause an elevation of AFP in mother's blood |
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Canalization |
The tendency of growth rates to return to genetically determined patterns after undergoing environmentally induced change |
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niche-picking |
choosing environments that allow us to develop inherited preferences. |
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Autism |
Developmental disorder characterized by a failure to relate to others, communication problems, intolerance of change and ritualistic behavior |
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Conception |
union of sperm and ovum |
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endometrium |
inner lining of the uterus, supports embryo |
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Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) |
infection of the abdominal region that may have various causes and impair fertility |
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endometriosis |
inflammation of endometrial tissue sloughed off into abdominal cavity rather than out of the body during menstruation -characterized by abdominal pain and sometimes infertility |
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artificial insemination |
injection of sperm into the uterus to fertilize an ovum |
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In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) |
fertilization of an ovu in a laboratory dish |
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Donor In Vitro Fertilization |
transfer of a donor's ovum, fertilized in a laboratory dish, to the uterus of another woman |
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Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) |
developed to detect genetic disorders before implantation, can also be used to determine sex |
