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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Descriptive embryology
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The study of changes that occur in cells tissues and organ in the progressive stages of prenatal development
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Experimental embryology
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Studies the mechanisms controlling the individual development of animals and plants by means of experiments on living organisms
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Mosaic development
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Embryonic development occuring in the blastocyst. The fertilised ovum undergoes determinate cleavage, developing according to precise, unalterable plan
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Regulative development
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A type of embryonic development in which the fertilized ovum undergoes undetermined cleavage, producing blastomeres that have similar developmental potencies are are each capable of giving rise to a single embryo
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Fate Map
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Understanding the origin of various tissues in the adult organism from groups of cells at one stage in development
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Specification Map
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Describes which cells of the blastula are committed to certain fates
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Competence Map
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Describes the developmental potential of different regions of blastula
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Asymmetric divisions
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Productions of two daughter cells with different cellular fates
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Cytoplasmic Determinants
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Substances of maternal gametes which affects the course of early development by regulating gene expression which effects the fate of cells
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Totipotent
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Ability of a cell to divide and differentiate into any number of specialized cells
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Tandem Gene Duplication
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Method in which the Hox Gene would have been duplication continuously
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Paralogous Gene
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Duplicated genes within a genome
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Orthologous genes
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Same gene in different organisms
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Homeotic Mutation
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Mutation that leads to the transformation of one body part into another
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Whole genome duplications
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An event which results in an organism contain copies of entire genome of a species
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Inversion
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Hypothesis that the structures along the dorsoventral (DV) axis have taken on an orientation opposite that of the ancestral form
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Tandem gene duplication
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Duplication of exons within the same gene to give rise to the subsequent exo
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Segmental duplications
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Segments of DNA with near identical sequences
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John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka's experiments
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Adult cells can be reprogrammed to an embryonic pluripotent state
Differentiated cells retain all the genes required for the development of an organism |
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Subfunctionalization
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Pairs of genes that originate from duplication take on different functions
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Hans Spemann experiment
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Discovered the effect of embryonic induction, the directed development of cells into tissues and organs
Used baby hair to constrict embryos and show that blastomeres in salamander embryos up are totipotent up to 16 cell stage |
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Briggs and Kings experiment
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Successfully clone tadpoles
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John Gurdon's experiment
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First to successfully transplant nuclei into eggs
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Hans Driesch's experiment
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First to show each cell of a two-cell stage sea urchin is totipotent
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Campbell and Wilmut
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DOLLY THE SHEEP
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Waddington's Landscape
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Cell fate becomes more restricted with time
Cell fate decisions are irreversible Potency decreases with time |
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Blastocyst
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Structure formed in the earl development of embryos
Precedes the MORULA Inside is the inner cells mass (EMBRYOBLAST) Outer layer of cells called a TROPHOBLAST (form placenta) |
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Morula
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Embryo in the early stages of development
Consists of blastomeres in a solid ball |
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Embryoblast
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Inner cell mast in the blastocyst
Contain pluripotent cells which from the embryo and differentiate into specialized cells Gives rise to definitive structures of the fetus |
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Tropoblast (trophectoderm)
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Outer layer of cells which form the placenta
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Blastocoele
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Fluid filled cavity in Blastocyst
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Embryonic Cleavage
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Division of cells in the early embryo
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Homeobox Genes
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Genes found in an organism which lead to the development of anatomical development
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HOX Genes
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Group of genes which control the body plan of an embryo from anterior to posterior regions
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