Developmental Bio

Front 1

-development on an embryo, a continuous process

Back 1

Embryogenesis

Front 2

___________ studied chicken embryos, -- found the first real problems with preformation, originated theory of epigenesis

Back 2

Aristotle

Front 3

Theory that development of an organism, in particular the development of a plant, fungus or animal from a seed, spore or egg through a sequence of steps in which cells differentiate and organs form

Back 3

Epigenesis

Front 4

theory that organisms develop from miniature versions of themselves already preformed within a sperm or egg -- No cellular theory

Back 4

preformism

Front 5

credited with the theory that an organism is derived "Ex ova omnia" (meaning all from egg) and that organisms were not just spontaneously grown from the judd

Back 5

William Harvey

Front 6

discovered germ layers

Back 6

Christian Pander

Front 7

term used to describe how germ layers interact with each other

Back 7

induction

Front 8

the rod of the dorsal mesoderm which instructs ectoderm above to become the nervous system

Back 8

notochord

Front 9

______________ is credited with the discovery of the notochord, mammalian egg, and that the three germ layers make up the same organs throughout various species

Back 9

Von Bauer

Front 10

"Shortly after gastrulation, all vertebrates embryos are very similar. Later in development, features of class, order, and species emerge."

Back 10

Von Bauer's laws of embryogenesis

Front 11

-How does a fertilized egg give rise to an adult body?

-How does an adult body produce offspring?

Back 11

The two central questions of Developmental Biology

Front 12

The dividing cells of a fertilized egg will form three different layers (germ layers) which individually give rise to different cell types and ultimately different organs and organ systems.

Back 12

Cell Differentiation

Front 13

Human body forms more than _____ distinct cell types, with widely divergent structures and functions.

Back 13

210 distinct cell types

Front 14

Cell organization into organs and tissues

Back 14

Morphogenesis

Front 15

Morphogenesis

-Initial events: 1.

-The central roll of cell-cell communication in: 2.

-Contribute to cell division, migration, and cell death

Back 15

1. breaks symmetry and forms body axis

2. tissue organization

Front 16

Regulation of cell division timing, and spacing

Back 16

Growth

Front 17

Controls:

-polarity of dividing cells

-positioning of dividing cells

Back 17

regulatory mechanisms of growth

Front 18

Germline, (sperm and egg), cell formation and functions

Back 18

Reproduction

Front 19

Renewal of body parts

Back 19

regeneration

Front 20

Differences in organisms due to inherited changes in development

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Evoution

Front 21

Interactions between a developing organism and its habitat

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Environmental cues

Front 22

exogenous agents causing developmental disruptions -- (pesticide atrazine can turn male frogs into female frogs)

Back 22

Teratogens

Front 23

1. Porifera

2. Diploblasts

3. Deuterostomes

4. Protostomes

Back 23

4 Main branches of Metazoa

(multicellular organisms)

Front 24

mouth first - anus second

Back 24

Protostomes

Front 25

class of organisms that have only two germ layers (no mesoderm) and have radial symmetry

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Diploblasts / Porifera

Front 26

organisms with three germ layers are categorized as...

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Triploblastic

Front 27

Which germ layer?

-musculature and circulatory system, allows for greater mobility, size, and strength

Back 27

Mesoderm

Front 28

anus first - mouth second

Back 28

Deuterostomes

Front 29

Which germ layer?

-skin, brain, and nervous system

-outer most

Back 29

Ectoderm

Front 30

Which germ layer?

-makes digestive tract and associated organs

-inner most

Back 30

Endoderm

Front 31

1. Fertilazation

2. Cleavage

3. Gastrulation

4. Organogenesis

5. Metamorphosis

6. Gametogenesis

Back 31

Six fundamental processes in the life cycle of a frog

Front 32

-Fusion of mature sex cells to form a zygote

>movement of egg cytoplasm

>activation of further developmental processes

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Fertilization

Front 33

Which hemisphere contains more yolk?

Back 33

Vegetal Pole

Front 34

-While keeping the same volume, cells divide rapidly, and the formation of the blastocoel -> blastula

Back 34

Cleavage

Front 35

During cleavage, the cells in the _____________ pole divide faster, becoming smaller to form the blastocoel

Back 35

Animal pole

Front 36

-Starts at blastopore (opposite of sperm entry), expands to form yolk plug, defining the future dorsal part of the embryo. Migrating cells within are forming the mesoderm.

Back 36

Gastrulation

Front 37

forms from the large yolk cells at the vegetal pole

Back 37

Endoderm

Front 38

Notochord (at the dorsal site) sends signals to the ectoderm to become neural precursor cells, forming the neural tube (base of the nervous system) - Organ formation

Back 38

Organogenesis

Front 39

_________ form from mesoderm cells adjacent to the notochord, and form precursor cells for muscle, vertebrae, and dermis.

Back 39

Somites

Front 40

When the organism reaches sexual maturity, initiated by the thyroid hormones, development of limbs, boney skull, gills/ lungs, and shortening of the intestine (change in diet)

Back 40

Metamorphosis

Front 41

when germ cells migrate to the gonads to differentiate into gametes

Back 41

Gametogenesis

Front 42

____________ - separation of homologous chromosomes into two diploid cells (1n2c)

--> _______________ - two haploid cells both divide creating four haploid cells (1n1c)

Back 42

Meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

Front 43

Important because it maintains the normal quantity of chromosomes in species with sexual reproduction

Back 43

importance of meiosis

Front 44

physical characteristics of plants that differ from animals, specific features of plant development

Back 44

phenotypic plasticity in plants

Front 45

a sessile plant that stays in one place, but is still able to adapt to its environment represents ____________

Back 45

Developmental plasticity

Front 46

In plants, cell fate is not as rigidly determined, meaning that cell fate can be changed, any one cell can be changed to develop into any cell type in the plant. This is known as ___________

Back 46

Totipotent