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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is science? |
Science is the knowledge attained through study and practice |
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What is life? |
Life is the quality that distinguishes vital characteristies from that which is not dead |
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Attibution of Living things |
Complex Organization Growth Metabolism Movement Reproduction Responsiveness |
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Biological Science |
The study of life |
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Metabolism |
The sum of all the chemical reations |
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Catabolism |
Just uses free energy, the level of free release a lot of energy, when we eat Energy goes down |
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Anabolism |
Steriods, to make cell proteins and tissues, and cells, uphill energy. Build molecules, higher energy need lots of it. |
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ATP |
Energy Currency |
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Scientific Method |
Observe phenomena and formulate testable falsifiable hypotheses Test hypotheses (observation vs experimentation) Statistical analyses (in most cases) |
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Observation |
Has to be testable and falsifiable |
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What is the goal of hypotheses? |
Has to be testable and falsifiable |
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Evolution Definition |
The concept that all organisms are related to each other by common ancestors |
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Mechanisms for evolution |
Acquired characteristics: traits are acquired by chance over time
Lamack- Use, disuse hypothesis EX: Giraffes used their necks more to reach food that was higher up leading to the more known long necked giraffe |
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Natural Selection |
Charles Darwin -Wrote in 1859, "On the Origin of species by means of natural selection" -Was laughed at by many and refuted Alfred Wallace -Wrote a similar manuscript and sent it to Darwin which confirmed to Darwin that someone believed in his theory. Therefore Darwin published his book |
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Characteristics |
Variation: different chracteristics from the other animals in your group Adaptation: a trait that enables higher fitness and better chances of reproducing The Galapagos Darwin's Finches |
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Peppered Moth and industrial Melanism |
The industrial revolution changed the way the adaptation worked for the moths. They came in 2 different colors by chance: dark and spotted but mainly white. The normal adaptation was for the white moth because the tree it would rest upon had lots of lichen on it making the moth hard to spot. When the industrial revolution kicked into gear it colored the trees dark with pollution making the characteristic of being dark on the tree an adaptation. |
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Overview of Evolution Via natural selection |
Evolution: The genetic makeup of the population Changes over time Driven by natural selection |
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Vertebrates show strong evidence of close evolutionary relationship |
Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny Ontogeny: Development Phylogeny: Evolutionary history related to other organisms |
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Artificial Selection |
Domestication of plants and animals |
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Basic Chemisty of life The Elements 98% of all living things have |
92 naturally occuring >100 total (S)ulfur (P)hosphorus- ATP (adenosine Triphosphate) (O)xygen (N)itrogen (C)arbon- most important (H)ydrogen- most important |
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Matter has 2 main components Atoms are composed of.... Mass |
Has Mass & Occupies space Subatomic particles Amount of material |
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Isoptopes |
Different kinds of elements Iso- means something similar Over 300 occur naturally Some are radioactive 3 isotopes for each elements, neutrons #'s vary |
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Half-life |
Fossil aging Medical Application |
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Atoms Chart |
Atomic Mass= # of protons + # of neutrons # neutrons can vary but the number of protons & electrons balance |
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Period Table of the Elements |
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Half-life Chart |
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Electron Energy Levels |
All Matter tends to go to the lowest energy level S- best room in the house
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Atom Depictions/Models Bohr vs Electron Cloud |
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Valence-only on the outermost portion Orbital filling sequence rules
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Energertic Tendencies |
a. + & - charges balance b. Electrons tend to pair c. Electrons shells tend to fill Noble gases have attained all these tendencies don't tend to react |
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How atoms attempt to fulfill the ET's |
a. Gain electrons (reduction) b. Lose electrons (oxidation) c. Share electrons Can't have reduction without oxidation -sharing electrons Ion: element that has either lost or gained an electron Cation: + ion Anion: - ion |
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Ionic bonds Covalent bonds |
A. One element takes the valence electrons of the other B. Shared valence bonding |
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Electron Shells Chart |
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Electron Configuration |
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Model charts |
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Adaptations |
When a variation in a species is useful |
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Compounds |
A substance consisting of 2 or more elements combined in a fixed ratio Ex. H2O |
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Carbon atomic number description |
Atomic number 6: The atomic number tells you how many protons there are total Subtract the AMU's from the atomic number to find neutrons For AMU round to the nearest whole number |
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Chemical Bonding |
"The universal energetic tendency of all matter, regardless or its form, involves a "downhill" trend, tending towards lower energy levels." |
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Types of Covelent Bonds |
Single: -2 electrons shared between the two elements Double: -4 Triple: -6 "Octet rule" Bond Polarity- Polar: when a molecule is polarized, one end is positive (more protons) and one end is negative (more electrons) Non-polar: when the pulling between electrons is equal so both sides have equal charges
Electronegativity- the ability for an atom to pull in electrons |
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Electronegativity Chart |
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Hydrogen bonds chart |
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Hydrogen bond Chart 2 |
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Review of bonds chart |
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Effects of water polarity |
Dissociation of water molecules
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Water's dissolving power |
Distributes important chemicals throughout the body |
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pH scale |
pH- concentration of hydrogen ions 7-water |
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Water dissociates |
pH = Negative of logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration: 10(-7)= 0.0000001 10(-6)= 0.000001 10(-8)=0.00000001 more hydrogens- acid-less OH more OH- bases- less H when compared to OH Acids= everything under 7 6 times more H ions than water Bases= everything above 8 8 times less H (compared to OH counts) than water Buffers: Minimizes the change in pH Bicarbonate -buffer |
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Hydrogen and OH ions pic |
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Buffer range |
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Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis chart |
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Chemical group chart |
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Carbon The element of life |
Versatile bonding properties Functional groups Macromolecules Monomer vs polymer Macromolecules synthesis/degradation Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis Usually covalent bonding sharing Electrons uncouple when bonding |
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Carbohydrates |
(CH2O)N Hydrated Carbon N= 5,6 (usually) Monosaccharides- most have 6 carbons; monomer sugars Isomers: fructose, glucose, galactose Disaccharides- sucrose |
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Polysaccharides |
Chitin Starch Cellulose Glycogen |
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Lipids |
1. “Hydrophobic” substances 2. Functions: Energy storage Heat Insulators Lubricants Hormones Membranes Buoyancy 3. Triglycerides a.Glycerol b. Fatty Acids i. Saturated- every electron filled ii. Unsaturated- not all saturated Hydrogenation: trans fat adding H to the unsaturated fats to make saturated by heating Cis to trans fat through heat “Each C-H bond is polar becausecarbon is more electronegative than hydrogen; however, each C-H bond in CH4 is arranged symmetrically (allangles are 109.5) so that the dipoles cancel outresulting in no net dipole for themolecule” |
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Phospholipids |
Basis of the cell membrane
Head/tails- heads love water, tails hate water Micelles- natural barrier Phospholipid Bilayer Cell membrane Waxes- bees Steroids Hormones- all derived from cholesterol
You have to have cholesterol Cholesterol The good and bad: i.Arteriosclerosis: a disease that restricts the arteries walls by lack of elasticity causing a lack of blood flow to vital organs and tissues, a type of this disease can also be caused by plaque, buildup, cholesterol and fat HDLR- carry the cholesterol all over the place like a taxi cause it's hydrophobic. LDL- stickier and has a tendency to clog up arteries
ii. Cell Membrane iii. Fight Bacteria iv. Fat Digestion- bile breaks down fat v. Vitamin D- the only vitamin we can make vi. Menstruation- essential for menstruation
*not all lipids are fats but all fats are lipids |
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Proteins |
Long chains of amino acids What makes an amine group different is the variable group R a. Amino group b. Carboxyl group c. R group d. Peptide bonds
Polypeptides Functions Structural Energy Reserves Hormones Enzymes Transport Contractile Receptor Defensive: antibodies Proteins 3-D structures: Every protein is based on 3D structures All three types (carb, fat, protein) can store energy a.Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary: structure is the 3D structure that allows it to work d. Quaternary: hemoglobin (myoglobin is one of all the 4 units) Muscles have their own structure to capture oxygen Hydrogen and Disulfide bonds
Heat denatures the protein |
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Nucleic Acids |
Long-chains DNA= Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA= Ribonucleic acid *can sometimes act as an enzyme A gene is almost always a portion of DNA that codes for protein Single Nucleotides i. ATP= Adenosine Triphosphate ii. cAMP= Cyclic Adenosine monophosphate iii. Coenzymes (e.g., NAD, NADP) |
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Summary of important biological macromolecules |
Need to know the coenzymes |
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Electropositivity |
Not real; he made it up, not a real question |
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Bonding |
Nonpolar Polar Ionic Covalent Hydrogen- cohesion *hydrogen bonds are what bonds DNA together A to T C to G |
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Heat |
Dentauring a protein Cal- the amount of energy required to change 1 milliliter of water 1 degree celsius Heat energy Temperature * rate of movement of molecules K cal-1000 |
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Groups of Elements |
Carabonyl Carboxyl- forms an acid Amino- will find carboxyl group Phosphate- can go beyond the octet rule Methyl- methane gas |
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Macromolecules |
Large molecules weigh 1,000's of lbs Monomer vs polymer 1 unit repeating units of monomers Hydrolysis- add water to break bonds Condensation reactions-dehydration synthesis takes away water
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Isomers |
Same elements but different structural forms Fructose, Glucose, Galactose (isomer, monosaccharides) |
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Derivatives |
Something that is derived from something super basic |
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Electronegativity & Bonds |
i. If the electronegativities are equal (i.e. if the electronegativity difference is 0), the bond is non-polar covalent ii. If the difference in electronegativities between the two atoms is greater than 0, but less than 2.0, the bond is polar covalent iii. If the difference in electronegativities between the two atoms is 2.0, or greater, the bond is ionic |
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Saturated Fat pic |
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Unsaturated Fat pic |
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Polarity chart |
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Cis and trans double bond pic |
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Trans Fat pic |
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Cholestrol pic |
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Phospholipid bilayer |
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Induction Deduction |
Specific to General General to Specific |
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Hypothetico-deductive reasoning |
The hypothetico-deductive model or method is a proposed description of scientific method.
According to it, scientific inquiry proceeds by formulating a hypothesis in a form that could conceivably be falsified by a test on observable data. |
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-OH |
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C=O |
Ketone -C=O-H: Aldehyde |
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-Cooh |
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-NH2 |
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-SH |
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-PO4 |
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-CH3 |
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How many N's do Carbohydrates usually have |
5,6 Nitrogens usually |
