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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Name the 3 types of psychological research and describe.
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Descriptive: Case study and Naturalistic Observation
Correlational: Examines the linear relationship between 2 or more variables, nothing is manipulated, useful for prediction, and correlation does not imply causation, positive correlation (direct relation) negative correlation (inverse relationship) Experimental: One or more variables are manipulated, tests cause-effect relationships, participants randomly assigned to control condition or experimental condition, has IV and DV |
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What are the 3 Developmental Research Designs and explain them.
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Cross-Sectional: 1 time point, several different ages, EX - invite young adults and old adults to lab. ADV - cheap and fast
Longitudinal Design: Multiple time points, same individuals, addresses cohort effects, time consuming and very expensive Sequential Design: Multiple time points, same individuals, with additional (new) individuals added at each time point |
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What is mitosis and meiosis chromosomes?
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Mitosis: the cell's nucleus duplicates itself and the cell divides. 2 new cells are formed, each containing the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Meiosis: A specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm (or gametes). |
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What's the difference between genotype and phenotype?
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Genotype: A person's genetic heritage; the actual genetic material.
Phenotype: The way an individual's genotype is expressed in observable and measurable characteristics. |
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What is Klinefelter Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, and XYY Syndrome? (Chromosomal Abnormalties)
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Klinefelter Syndrome: An extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities.
Fragile X Syndrome: An abnormality in the X chromosome can cause mental retardation, learning disabilities, or short attention span. Turner Syndrome: A missing X chromosome in females can cause mental reardation and sexual underdevelopment. XYY syndrome: An extra Y chromosome can cause above average height. |
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What is Phenylketonuria (PKU) and Sickle-Cell Anemia? (Gene-Linked Abnormalites)
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PKU: Metabolic disorder, that causes mental retardation if left untreated.
Sickle-Cell Anemia: Blood disorder that limits the body's oxygen supply; it can cause joint swelling, as well as heart and kidney failure. |
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What are the 3 periods of Prenatal Development?
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Germinal Period: first 2 weeks after conception.
Embryonic Period: 2-8 weeks after conception Fetal Period: final 7 months |
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What are the motor skills for infancy?
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Reflexes including rooting, sucking, moro, grasping
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What are the 4 types of attachment in infancy in a strange situation?
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Securely Attached: (70%) more confident when mother is around
Insecure Avoidant: doesn't care if stranger or mother; avoid adults, usually from an abusive or neglectful family Insecure Resistant: often wary of strangers, even when the parent is present. When the mother departs, the child is often highly distressed. The child is generally ambivalent when she returns. Insecure disorganized: all 2 of them |
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What are the 4 components of Vygotsky?
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Believes children are active participants in the construction of knowledge (Social constructivism)
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): tasks too difficult for children to master alone but that can be mastered with teh assistance of adults or more skilled children Scaffolding: changing the level of support Private Speech:an important tool of thought during the early childhood years. |
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What are the 4 types of parenting styles and describe.
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Authoritarian: very strict
Authoritative: most positive parenting style, rules are supportive and talk to child Neglectful Indulgent (permissive): child's freind, don't want to be an enforcer |
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What are the 3 types of Information Processing in early childhood?
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Sensory Register/Memory: short duration (1-3 secs), perception and attention, holds info in original form, large capacity
Short Term/Working Memory: where new info is held as it is processed Short duration (20-30 secs) maintenance rehearsal (repeating info) elaborative rehearsal (associating infor with something you already know) Long Term Memory: holds info for long periods of time, semantic memory (general knowledge about the world) episodic memory (info ties to a particular time and place, procedural memory (how to do things), large capacity |
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What are some physical development characteristics in middle and late childhood?
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Body growth: continued slow, consistent growth, increase in muscle mass/strength (loss of baby fat), boys begin to gain more strength than girls
The Brain: Continued synaptic pruning/increased connectivity, higher cognitive performance and greater cognitive control |
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What are 3 learning disabilities in middle to late childhood?
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Dyslexia: affects reading comprehension
Dysgraphia: affects writing (hard time spelling) Dyscalculia: troubles with numbers 3x more boys than girls, 80% reading related |
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What are the autism spectrum disorders (2)?
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Autistic Disorder: very impaired communicating; hearing, speaking, social skills, hyper sensitivity
Asperger's Syndrome: high functioning; some impaired social skills |
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What are the 3 types of intelligence tests in middle to late childhood?
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Binet Tests: Mental age (MA), intelligence quotient (IQ) = MA/CA x 100
Wechsler Scales: Provide IQ along with verbal comprehension, working memory and processing speed. Gardner: 8 frames of mind everybody has a specific intelligence (much criticism) |
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What are the 4 types of self understanding in middle to late childhood?
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Self-esteem
Self-concept Self efficacy: how strongly I believe I can do something Self-Regulation:how you can handle your emotions |
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What are the 5 types of peer status in middle to late childhood?
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Popular
Average Neglected Rejected Controversial: Other groups perceive them as odd EX gothic group This is the most critical time to develop friendships |
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What are the differences in males and females in maturation in adolescent development?
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Males: Early - viewed as more physically attractive, outgoing, responsible; Late - viewed as less attractive, less likely to hold leadership positions
Females: Early - Receive male attention, not liked by other females, may engage in risky behavior; Late - viewed as more outgoing, confident, may be taller/thinner |
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What is Marcia's 4 status defined by exploration or commitment?
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Identity diffusion: No exploration, no commitment
Identity Foreclosure: No exploration, commitment Moratorium: Exploration, no commitment Identity Achievement: Exploration, commitment |
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What is the physical development in early adulthood?
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Peak physical performance reached by the age of 30 (19-26 average)
Begin loss of muscle tone and strength More than twice the mortality rate of adolescents |
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What are the components of attraction (2) and love (5)?
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Attraction: Familiarity/similarity (consensual validation), Physical attraction (Matching Hypothesis)
Love: Intimacy (self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts), Friendship (companionship, intimacy/affection, support, and a source of self-esteem), Romantic Love (strong sexual and infatuation components and often predominates in the early period of a love relationship), Affectionate Love (an individual desires to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection for the other person), Consummate Love (all 4 things, the be all love) |
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What are the 4 lifestyles of early adulthood?
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Single
Co-Habitation: living together in a sexual relationship without being married Marriage: average marriage is 9 years Divorce: |
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What's the difference between Gender Identity, Gender Roles, and Gender Typing?
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Gender Identity: Males or Female?
Gender Roles: culture specfic; "should" think, act, feel. Gender Typing: acquisition of a specific gender role |
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What are the 4 Theoretical Perspectives in Gender and Sexual Identity? Explain.
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Social Role Theory: cultural, power status and control of resources.
Psychosexual Theory: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital. Social Cognitive Theory: Observation, imitation, parental influence. Gender Schema Theory: societal insistence on the importance of gender dichotomy. |
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Why is it important of the role of parental influence on puberty and sexual development?
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Sexual Health: Risk of HIV/STD's
Risk-Taking Behaviors Teenage Pregnancy: More than 400,000 teen girls aged 15-19 years gave birth in 2009 |
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What is the Cass Model of Sexual Orientation Identity Formation? (6)
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Identity Confusion: curiosity, confusion or anxiety.
Identity Comparison - initial acceptance, recognize social alienation, but can bring a sense of relief Identity Tolerance: pursues more of his/her own emotional, social, and sexual needs - seeks out contacts and freinds Identity Acceptance: accepts the Gay or Lesbian identity Identity Pride: often a stage of activism and perceived oppression; reject strategies to hide sexual orientation Identity Synthesis: pride continues, but recognizes that the dichotomy between gay and straight work is not clear cut |
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What are some physical development changes in middle adulthood (40-45 to 60-65)
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Compression of vertebrae reduces height - 30-50 years men 1 inch; 50-70 years 1 inch or more
25-75 years women -2 inches 1-2% rate of muscle loss per year after age 50 Loss of bone density, accelerates in 50's (more common in women) Visual focus declines 40-59 years More of a tunnel vision concept Begin decline by 40, high pitch sounds (sooner for men) |
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What are some sexuality aspects of middle adulthood?
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hormonal changes, menopause
Erectile dysfunction less frequent sexual activity more satisfaction with relationships |
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What are the 2 types of intelligence in middle adulthood?
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Crystallized intelligence: things that are much more specfic; a specific task procedure; increase in middle adulthood (concept of expertise)
Fluid Intelligence: everyday adaptation process; ability to learn something everyday begins to decline in middle adulthood |
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What are the roles in family and peer relationships in middle adulthood?
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Friendship continue important role
Empty nest syndrome Grandparenting: roles and styles, increase of grandparents becoming primary caregivers to grandchildren |
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What are the 3 parts of cognitive development in late adulthood? Explain.
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Cognitive Mechanics: the hardware of the mind, reflecting the neurophysiological architecture of the brain as developed through evolution. Involves the speed and accuracy of the processes involving sensory input, visual and motor memory, discrimination, comparison, and categorization.
Cognitive Pragmatics: The culture-based "soft-ware programs" of the mind. Includes reading and writing skills, language comprehension, educational qualifications, professional skills, and also the type of knowledge about the self and life skills that help us to master or cope with life. Speed of Processing: Considerable individual variation in this ability. Accumulated knowledge may compensate to some degree for slower processing speed in older adults. |
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What are the 3 types of Attention in Late Adulthood? Explain.
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Selective Attention: Focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant.
Divided Attention: Concentrating on more than one activity at the same time. Sustained Attention: The state of readiness to detect and respond to small changes occurring at random times in the environment. |
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What are the 5 types of memory in Late Adulthood? Explain.
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Episodic Memory: The retention of information about the where and when of life's happenings.
Semantic Memory: A person's knowledge about the world - including a person's fields of expertise, general academic knowledge of the sort learned in school and "everyday knowledge". Explicit Memory: Memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state. Implicit Memory: Memory without conscious recollection; involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed. Prospective Memory: Involves remembering to do something in the future. |
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What are 3 health issues that may occur in Late Adulthood? Explain.
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Dementia: any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning.
Alzheimer Disease: A progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical function. Multi-Infarct Dementia: Sporadic and progressive loss of intellectual functioning caused by repeated temporary obstruction of blood flow in cerebral arteries. |
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What are 3 types of theories of social/emotional development in Late Adulthood? Explain.
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Activity Theory: the more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives.
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory: older adults become more selective about their social networks. Because they place a high value on emotional satisfaction, older adults often spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships. Selective Optimization with Compensation Theory: successful aging is related to 3 main factors: selection, optimization, and compensation. |
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What are some issues in society with people in their Late Adulthood?
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Stereotypes of older adults: Ageism
Policy Issues: Status of the economy, health care, eldercare, generational inequity, income, living arrangements, technology |
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What compiles the death system? Short Essay Question
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People: everyone who is affected by a person's death not just including family
Places or Contexts: hospitals, funerals, nursing homes Times: time for grieving, time of when a person gets sick to up til they die, the time dealing to accept a person is dying Objects: casket, head stone, flowers, obits, keepsakes, flag, candles Symbols: cross, skulls, black, Days of Remembrance ex Memorial Day |
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What are 3 decisions regarding life and death? (Endings)
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Natural Death Act and Advance Directive: living will
Euthanasia: Passive - taking someone off the ventilator or other device keeping them alive Active - enact something such as an overdose Hospice: Palliative Care - comfort care |
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What are the attitudes toward death among different ages in life? (Endings)
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Childhood: associate the dead person as being away; doesn't fully comprehend death
Adolescence: can't happen to them; removed from their life; if they know someone dead they have anger, depression Adulthood: Increase in consciousness about death accompanies individuals' awareness that they are aging |
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What are the 5 stages of dying according to Kubler-Ross? (Endings)
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Denial and Isolation: disbelief that its happening
Anger: Why me? Bargaining: for a longer life Depression Acceptance: differs from people: do as much as possible or isolate themselves bc their at peace |
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What are the 8 stages of Erikson's Theory?
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1st Stage: Trust vs. Mistrust
2nd Stage: Autonomy vs. Shame 3rd Stage: Initiative vs. Guilt 4th Stage: Industry vs. Inferiority 5th Stage: Identity vs. Identity Confusion 6th Stage: Intimacy vs. Isolation 7th Stage: Generativity vs. Stagnation 8th Stage: Integrity vs. Despair |
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Describe the 1st stage of of Erikson's Theory, Trust Vs. Mistrust.
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First year of life.
Milestones: Feeding, warmth Trust in infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live. |
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Describe the 2nd stage of Erikson's Theory, Autonomy versus Shame.
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Occurs in late infancy and toddlerhood. (1 to 3 years) Infants begin to discover that their behavior is their own. Start to assert their sense of independence or autonomy. They realize their will. If infants and toddlers are restrained too much or punished too harshly, they are likely to develop a sense of shame and doubt.
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Describe the 3rd stage of Erikson's Theory, Initiative versus Guilt.
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Occurs during the pre-school years. As preschool children encounter a widening social world, they face challenges that require active, purposeful, responsible behavior. Feelings of guilt may arise, though, if the child is irresponsible and is made to feel too anxious.
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Describe the 4th stage of Erikson's Theory, Industry versus Inferiority.
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Sense of competence at useful skills (school provides many opportunities)
Pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well (family, teachers, peers can contribute to negative feelings) Occurring in the elementary school years. Children now need to direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills. The negative outcome is that the child may develop a sense of inferiority - feeling incompetent and unproductive. |
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Describe the 5th stage of Erikson's Theory, Identity versus Identity Confusion.
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Adolescent years; individulas face finding out who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life. If adolescents explore roles in a healthy manner and arrive at a positive path to follow in life, they they achieve a positive identity; if not, then identity confusion reigns.
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Describe the 6th stage of Erikson's Theory, Intimacy versus Isolation.
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Intimacy requires commitment to another person; Failure to have meaningful relationships may impact personality traits.
During early adulthood years. |
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Describe the 7th stage of Erikson's Theory, Generativity versus Stagnation.
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Desire to leave legacy to next generation or a sense that nothing has been left for next generation.
Occurs during middle adulthood. |
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Describe the 8th stage of Erikson's Theory, Integrity versus Despair.
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Involves reflecting on the past and wither seeing a positive review or concluding that your life has not been well spent.
Experiences in late adulthood. |
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What are Piaget's 4 Steps in his Cognitive Developmental Theory?
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#1: Sensorimotor Stage
#2: Preoperational Stage #3: Concrete Operational Stage #4: Formal Operational Stage |
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Describe Piaget's 1st stage, Sensorimotor Stage.
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Birth to 2 years
Object Permanence - understanding that objects and events continue to exist, even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched. Infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences such as hearing and seeing, with physical, motoric actions. |
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Describe Piaget's 2nd stage, Preoperational Stage.
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Ages 2-7
Children begin to go beyond simply connecting sensory information with physical action and represent the world with words, images, and drawings. However, preschool children still lack the ability to perform operations, which are internalized mental actions that allow children to do mentally what they previously could only do physically. Symbolic Function: represent something in your mind even if you can't see it, Egocentrism: believe your view is everyone else's view. Animism: giving life-like traits to an unlifelike thing ex pretend play. Centration: only view something has 1 purpose. Milestone: Conservation - mentally reverse something that has happened. |
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Describe Piaget's 3rd stage, Concrete Operational Stage.
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Ages 7-11.
Children can perform operations that involve objects, and they can reason logically hen the reasoning can be applied to specific concrete examples. The child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets. Logical Thought Reversibility Classification Seriation Mental Rotations Cannot reason about abstract ideas |
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Describe Piaget's 4th stage, Formal Operational Stage.
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Ages 11 - 15.
Individuals move beyond concrete experiences and think in abstract and more logical terms. Develop images of ideal circumstances. When solving problems they become more systematic, developing hypotheses about why something is happening the way it is and testing these hypotheses. Hypothetical-deductive reasoning Egocentrism Imaginary Audience Personal Fable |
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What are Youth Sexual Behavior according to a 2009 survey?
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46% had engaged in sexual intercourse
34% had had sexual intercourse during the previous 3 months, and of these,: 39% did not use a condom the last time they had sex and 77% did not use birth control pills or the Depo shot to prevent pregnancy the last time they had sex. 14% had had sex with 4 or more people during their life. An estimated 8,300 young people aged 13-24 years had HIV infection Nearly half of the 19 million new STDs each year are among young people aged 15-24 years |
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What are aspects of wisdom in late adulthood?
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High levels are rare
Late adolescence to early adulthood is time for wisdom to emerge Must account for outside factors, such as life experience, not based on age alone Must account for personality related factors, such as creativity and openness to experience. |
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Identify the features of the Bronfenbrenner Ecological Systems Theory. Look on page 28 for the diagram. (Short Essay Question)
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holds that development reflects the influence of several environmental systems.
1) Individual Stage: sex, age, health, etc. 2) Microsystem: the setting in which the individual lives. Includes Family, Peers, neighborhood, school, activities. 3) Mesosystem: involves the relations between microsystems or connections between contexts.Ex your parents and your friends 4) Exosystem: consists of links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context. Includes friends of family, neighbors, mass media, social welfare services, legal services; Ex parents hate their job 5) Macrosystem: involves the culture in which individuals live. Attitudes and ideologies of the culture. 6) Chronosystem: consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances. Ex: 9/11 |
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What are the components of a multi-variate correlational design?
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Multiple regression analysis: predictors estimate outcome
Structural Equation Modeling: corrects for measurement error, controls for other variables, causal conclusions. |
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What are the components of a quasi-experimental research?
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Lacks random assignment to conditions (for at least 1 variable)
Uses pre-existing groups Ex: Child living in a bilingual household |
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What are the 5 Research Steps?
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1: Make testable hypothesis
2: Design Study 3: Collect data 4: Analyze and draw conclusions 5: Report findings |
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What factors do you look into when critically evaluating research? (6)
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Sample Size
Representative sample Blindness Replications Alternative explanations "Cause" |
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What is the definition of life span development? (essay?)
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Views development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual. As a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss.
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