Developement

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developmental psychology

Back 1

the study of continuity and change across the life span from infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood

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germinal stage

Back 2

the two week period that begins at conception

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zygote

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a fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both sperm and egg develops during germinal stage

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embryonic stage

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the period that lasts from the 2nd week until about the 8th week

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fetal stage

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the period that lasts from the 9th week until birth

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myelination

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the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron during fetal stage

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womb

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an environment that affects an unborn baby in many ways

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placenta

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is the organ that links the bloodstream of the mother to the unborn baby that permits the exchange of materials

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teratogens

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agents that damage the process of development such as drugs and viruses

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fetal alcohol syndrome

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a developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

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infancy

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the stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 to 24 months

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motor development

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the emergence of the ability to execute physical action

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reflexes

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specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation innate

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cephalocaudal rule

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the "top to bottom rule" that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to feet

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proximodistal rule

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the "inside to outside rule" that describes the tendency for fine motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery

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cognitive development

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the emergence of the ability to think and understande

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Jean Piaget

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created stages of cognitive development

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sensorimotor stage

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infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it

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schemas

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theories about or models of the way the world works

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assimilation

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the process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations

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accommodation

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the process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information

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object permanence

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the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible

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preoperational stage

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(2-6) children have a preliminary understanding of the physical world

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concrete operational stage

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(6-11) children learn how various actions or operations can affect or transform concrete objects

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conservation

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the notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the objects appearance

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formal operational stage

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(11+) children can solve non-physical problems, abstract thinking

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childhood

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the stage of development that begins at about 18-24 months and lasts until adolescence

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egocentrism

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the failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers; observed during preoperational stage

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theory of mind

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the idea that human behavior is guided by mental representation

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Lev Vygotsky

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believed children develop through interactions with members of their own culture

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joint attention

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the ability to focus on what another person is focused on

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social referencing

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the ability to use another persons reactions as information about the world

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imitation

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the ability to do what another person does

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Harry Harlow

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conducted attachment experiments with baby rhesus monkeys

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Konrad Lorenz

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discovered imprinting in newly hatched gosling

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John Bowlby

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argued that infants innately channel signals to primary caregivers to form attachments

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attachment

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the emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers

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strange situation

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a behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style

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internal working model of relationships

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a set of beliefs about the self the primary caregiver and the relationship between them

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temeraments

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characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity

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Piaget

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drew several conclusions by investigation children's moral thinking and behavior

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Lawrence Kohlberg

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developed a theory of three stages in moral development

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preconventional stage

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the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequence for the actor

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conventional stage

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the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules

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postconventional stage

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the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values

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adolescence

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the period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (11-14) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (18-21)

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puberty

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the bodily changes associated with sexual maturity

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primary sex characteristics

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bodily structures that are directly involved in reproduction

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secondary sex characteristics

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bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in reproduction

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adulthood

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the stage of development that begins around 18 to 21 and ends at death

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socio emotional selectivity theory

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states that younger adults are oriented toward future pertinent information while older adults focus on emotional satisfaction in the present perhaps because of shortened futures