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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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At birth, the average infant weighs:
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7 1/2 lbs
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By the fourth month, an infant’s weight typically:
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Doubles
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When an infant’s nutrition is temporarily inadequate, which part of the body is “spared”?
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Brain
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How many hours does the average newborn sleep per day?
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17
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Which sleep stage is characterized primarily by dreaming and rapid brain waves?
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REM Sleep
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By age 2, the brain is almost ______ percent of adult brain weight.
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75
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The outer layers of the brain are referred to as:
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The Cortex
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What is a synapse?
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The intersection between neurons.
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Which term is used to describe the process in which unused neurons die?
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Pruning
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A hypervigilant or emotionally flat response to stress later in life is a potential consequence of _______ in infancy.
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an overabundance of stress hormones
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Brain functions that develop in response to an infant’s unique experiences can be described as:
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experience-dependent.
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What may result in brain damage, coma, or death?
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shaken baby syndrome
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At birth:
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All the senses are functional
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The ability to coordinate two eyes to see one image is called:
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binocular vision.
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Which term refers to an involuntary response to a particular stimulus?
a. motor skill b. habit c. reflex d. symbolic representation |
c. reflex
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Small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, are referred to as:
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fine motor skills.
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Gross motor skill is to _________ as fine motor skill is to _________.
a. walking; standing b. holding a bottle; holding a rattle c. crawling; grabbing d. grabbing; crawling |
c. crawling; grabbing
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The DTaP vaccine protects against:
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diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis.
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The most significant factor contributing to the decline of SIDS deaths is:
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laying babies down to sleep on their backs.
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Which substance is secreted from a woman’s breasts for the first three days following birth?
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colostrum
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The average newborn’s length is approximately:
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20 inches
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By their first birthday, a newborn’s weight typically:
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triples.
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At 12 months, Toni was malnourished. His body stopped growing, but his brain did not. This supports the concept of:
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head-sparing.
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A child of average weight would be at which percentile?
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50th
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Over the first few months of infancy, the amount of time spent in REM (dreaming) sleep:
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decreases.
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At birth, the brain is _____ of its adult weight.
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25%
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Most thinking, feeling, and sensing are processed:
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in the cortex.
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Neurons in the brain connect at “intersections” called:
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synapses.
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What occurs in the brain during the pruning process?
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Unused neurons and misconnected dendrites atrophy and die.
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In response to stress, the brain produces:
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cortisol.
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Brain functions that are essentially universal and develop from exposure to experiences that are shared by almost all infants can be described as:
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experience-expectant.
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Shaken baby syndrome:
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is seen in one in five children hospitalized for maltreatment.
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Which of the following is the least developed sense at birth?
a. smell b. sight c. touch d. hearing |
b. sight
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By 3 months:
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infants show a preference for faces with features over faces without features.
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A reflex is:
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an involuntary action to a particular stimulus.
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Large body movements, such as walking and jumping, are:
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gross motor skills
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An example of a fine motor skill is:
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grabbing.
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A process that stimulates the body’s immune system to defend against attack by a particular contagious disease is:
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immunization.
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When an apparently healthy 2-month-old baby dies in his or her sleep, he or she most likely died of:
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sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
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What is colostrum?
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a thick, high-calorie fluid secreted by the woman’s breasts for about the first three days following the birth of her child
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Piaget’s cognitive development period that begins at birth and ends around age 2 is called:
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sensorimotor intelligence.
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Piaget’s first two stages of sensorimotor intelligence are called:
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primary circular reactions.
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The awareness that objects or people continue to exist when they are no longer in sight is called:
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object permanence.
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A sequence in which an infant perceives another’s action and then performs the same action later is called:
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deferred imitation.
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What is likely to occur when an infant is repeatedly exposed to an object or an event?
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habituation
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Piaget was a “grand” theorist of:
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cognition.
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What is essential to the Gibsons’ concept of affordances?
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opportunities for perception and for interaction
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The experimental apparatus that gives the illusion of a sudden dropoff is referred to as a:
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visual cliff.
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Three-month old Anna takes great delight in watching the animals on her crib mobile swing and move as she kicks her legs. Anna is using:
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dynamic perception.
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An innate principle of perception involving an interest in human beings is referred to as:
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people preference.
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Research has demonstrated that infants as young as 3 months old can remember after two weeks if provided with:
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a brief reminder session.
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What does memory depend on?
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experience and brain maturation
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What is an infant’s first means of communication?
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crying.
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The high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way in which adults speak to infants is sometimes called:
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child-directed speech.
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A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought is called a:
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holophrase.
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A sudden increase in an infant’s vocabulary, especially nouns, is referred to as:
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naming explosion.
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Word order, prefixes, suffixes, intonation, verb forms, pronouns, negations, prepositions, and articles are called:
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grammar.
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According to B. F. Skinner, infant communication progresses because of:
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maternal reinforcement.
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A mental structure enabling infants to learn grammar, vocabulary, and intonation is called:
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a language acquisition device.
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The language theory that believes communication to be the crucial starting point of language learning is called:
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social-pragmatic.
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The term used to describe an infant’s thought process that relies on senses and motor skills is called:
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sensorimotor intelligence.
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Secondary circular reaction is characterized by infants’:
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new adaptations and anticipation.
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Isaiah is 7 months old. His sister takes a toy and hides it behind her back. Isaiah cries and does not look for the toy. It is likely that he has not yet acquired:
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object permanence.
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One-year-old Danielle watches her sister talk on a cell phone. The next day Danielle holds the cell phone to her ear as if she is using the phone. Danielle is demonstrating:
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deferred imitation
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Habituation involves:
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repeated exposures.
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The information-processing theory compares human thinking to:
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computer functioning.
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An opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place, or object in the environment is called:
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an affordance.
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The fact that infants are delighted by movement change demonstrates:
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dynamic perception.
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Three-month-old babies show interest in other human beings by staring at them. This early affordance demonstrates:
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people preference.
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Children show evidence of memory as early as ___ months of age.
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3
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The type of memories that is easier for infants to retrieve is called:
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memories of motion.
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When do infants begin learning language?
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before birth.
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The extended repetition of syllables is referred to as:
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babbling.
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Most babies speak their first recognizable words at:
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12 months.
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The term “holophrase” refers to:
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a single word that expresses a complete thought.
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Once a child’s vocabulary reaches about 50 words, it rapidly expands at a rate of _______ per month.
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50 to 100 words
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Denalyn says to her mother, “Deni go,” (a two-word combination) as she gestures to the door. Denalyn is probably about age:
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3 years.
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How does a child learn language?
a. Infants are taught language. b. Infants have a natural capacity for language learning. c. Infants are socially programmed to communicate. d. All of these answers could be correct. |
d. All of these answers could be correct.
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Which theorist coined the term “language acquisition device”?
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Chomsky
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The social-pragmatic theory on language development highlights the importance of:
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Social interaction.
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The first emotional expressions to emerge at birth are:
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crying and contentment
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Two fears that infants form at about 9 months are:
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stranger wariness and separation anxiety.
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Self-awareness is a:
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realization that one’s mind, body, and actions are separate from those of other people.
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Freud’s first stage of psychosexual development is:
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oral.
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Satisfying a child’s basic needs with care and consistency reflects:
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Erickson's first crisis of life.
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What is Erikson’s second crisis of life?
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autonomy vs shame and doubt.
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According to the text, temperament involves:
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a genetic predisposition in emotions, activity, and self-regulation.
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What percentage of infant’s are classified as “easy”?
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40 percent.
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The parental practice of ________ parenting involves close physical contact with a child while _______ parenting involves more intellectually engaging the child.
a. distal; proximal b. proximal; distal c. proximal; distant d. proximity; distance |
b. proximal; distal
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Two-year-old Sasha is exuberant and curious. All breakable items have been removed from her reach and all floor-level kitchen cabinets have been locked with the exception of one that contains old pans and spoons for playing. This is an example of:
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goodness of fit.
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A mutually coordinated, rapid, smooth interaction between a caregiver and an infant is called:
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synchrony.
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The experimental practice in which adults stare at their baby and remain expressionless is called:
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still-faced technique.
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The idea that proximity-seeking behaviors and contact-maintaining behaviors contribute to survival is a key element of _________ theory.
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attachment
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The discovery that most infants worldwide develop special attachments to their caregivers, although cultural differences exist is attributed to:
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Mary Ainsworth.
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When an infant is comfortable and confident from the presence of his or her caregivers, the infant is said to have:
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a secure attachment.
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When an infant looks to another person for information about how to react, he or she is engaging in:
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social referencing.
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According to the text, _________ encourage infants to explore, where as, _______ tend to be more cautious.
a. mothers; fathers b. fathers; mothers c. babysitters; fathers d. mothers; babysitters |
b. fathers; mothers
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High intensity, “vigorous” play tends to occur more with:
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fathers.
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One essential factor for quality infant day care is:
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attention to health and safety.
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Synchrony, attachment, and _____________are crucial to the psychosocial development of infants and toddlers.
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social referencing
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A __________ is expressed at 6 weeks and __________ at 3 or 4 months.
a. social smile; anger b. fear; crying c. laugh; curiosity d. social smile; laughter |
d. social smile; laughter
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When an infant is fearful of strangers, he or she is exhibiting:
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stranger wariness.
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An infant’s realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose actions are separate from those of other people is:
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self-awareness.
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According to Freud, the primary source of gratification during the second year of life is the:
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anus.
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Autonomy versus shame and doubt is central to Erikson’s _______ theory.
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psychoanalytic
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What is Erikson’s first crisis of life?
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trust versus mistrust
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When temperament is described as being “constitutionally based,” it means that traits:
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originate with one’s DNA.
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A theory that underlies the values and practices of a culture is a(n):
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ethnotheory.
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Caregiving practices that involve being physically close to a baby, with frequent holding and touching, are referred to as:
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proximal parenting.
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A temperamental adjustment that allows smooth infant-caregiver interaction is called:
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goodness of fit.
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The most critical factor in synchrony is:
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timing.
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The still-face technique:
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shows that babies expect a positive response from their caregivers.
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A lasting bond between an infant and a caregiver is called:
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an attachment.
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When an infant continues playing when his or her mother leaves the room and ignores her when she returns is the pattern of __________ attachment.
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insecure-avoidant
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Which theorist is associated with a laboratory procedure called the Strange Situation?
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Ainsworth
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The most serious problems later in childhood would be expected in infants whose attachment with their mother is classified as:
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disorganized.
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When 12-month-old Nicholas looked at his mother to see her expression as a stranger entered the room, he was demonstrating:
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social referencing.
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According to the text, nonrelative child care in a home is referred to as:
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family day care.
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High-quality infant day care includes the following characteristic:
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low turnover rate.
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The case study of Jacob is an example of the importance of paying attention to deficits in a child’s ____________ growth.
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psychosocial
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