Develop Psych Chapter 2

Front 1

Proteins

Back 1

- Move substances across the cell membrane

-Allow cells to adhere to one another

- Make important chemical reactions possible

-Act as receptors of signals in the brain and as antibodiesthat defend us against bacteria, viruses, and allergens

Front 2

gametes

Back 2

the cells of sexual reproduction

Front 3

somatic cells

Back 3

body cells

Front 4

Human Genome Project

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analyzed andmapped the DNA of human beings.

Front 5

Gene

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a segment of a DNA molecule; genesare the basic building blocks of inheritance

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Chromosome

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a strand of DNA containinga number of genes

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Mitosis

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the process by which somatic cellsduplicate themselves, resulting in geneticallyidentical cells with 46 chromosomes

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karotype

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photographic representation ofhuman chromosomes

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alleles

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pairs of corresponding genes located atspecific positions on specific chromosomes

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homozygous

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a condition in which an individual hasa pair of identical alleles at a particular position

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Heterozygous

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a condition in which an individualhas a pair of nonidentical alleles at a particularposition

Front 12

genotype

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a person’s genetic makeup asdetermined at the moment of fertilization

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phenotype

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—the observable expression of a person’sgenotype

Front 14

down syndrome

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—Trisomy 21 an extra chromosome exists onthe 21st pair

Front 15

Turner Syndrome

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females with Turner Syndrome and missingan X chromosome

Front 16

Fragile X Syndrome

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the most common cause of intellectualdisability in males

Front 17

genetic counseling

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Provides guidance for parents about the possibility ofgenetic disorders in their future children based on anextensive health history of both parents’ families over asmany generations as possible

Front 18

Experience-Expectant Development:

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what we expect given the normal course of development ina typical physical and social environment

Front 19

Experience-Dependent Development:

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occurs in response to unique opportunities that may varyfrom one environment to another, which has the potential to affect each individual differently

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canalization

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proposes that in early development, heredity plays a greater role than environmentgiving stability to early development.

Front 21

Genotype–Environment Correlations:

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the relationship between person and environment isbidirectional; children shape their environment and their environment shapes them.

Front 22

range of reaction

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the genotype sets the upper and lower limits for possible outcomes ofdevelopment

Front 23

Probabilistic Epigenesis

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emphasizes the increasing complexity of interactions between genesand environment over time, with the interactions being bidirectional and across multiple levels

Front 24

Quantitative Genetics

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attempts to estimate how much of a trait or characteristic can be attributedto genes and how much to environmental influences

Front 25

Monozygotic twins

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identical twins from thesame fertilized egg

Front 26

Dizygotic twins

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fraternal twins from two differenteggs released and fertilized at the same time

Front 27

CNS

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consists of the brain and spinalcord

Front 28

PNS

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lies outside the centralnervous system and connects it to sensory organs, other organs,muscles, blood vessels, and glands

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somatic nervous system

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governs sense organs andskeletal muscles

Front 30

autonomic nervous system

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involuntary system that governsnormal body maintenance functions (parasympathetic) and thefreeze/fight/flight response (sympathetic)

Front 31

neurons

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nerve cells that have dendrites and axonsthrough which they communicate with each other

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glia cells

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insulate the neurons and hold them together

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neurogenesis

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the process of developing new neurons

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myelination

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the process of laying down myelin sheaths toinsulate the axons of neurons; it begins before birth and occursin spurts throughout childhood

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brainstem

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—(medulla) regulates survival functions

Front 36

pons

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—important for attention

Front 37

reticular formation

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associated with sleep and mood

Front 38

cerebellum

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governs motor and spatial coordination

Front 39

substantia nigra

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—located in the midbrain and important for fluidity ofmovement

Front 40

thalamus

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—major relay station for sensory information with the exception ofsmell

Front 41

Hypothalamus

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motivation for basic human functioning and the stressresponse

Front 42

Pituitary gland

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regulates hormones for growth and puberty

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Amygdala and Limbic System

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the amygdala triggers the fear response andis part of the Limbic system which is the seat of emotions

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hippocampus

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—important for memory and learning– Sensory, short-term, and long-term memory

Front 45

cerebrum

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—largest part of the brain, has two hemispheres andfour lobes, responsible for higher thought processes

Front 46

cerebral cortex

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—the thin layer of gray matter (neuronal cellbodies) that covers the cerebrum and cerebellum

Front 47

Corpus collosum

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—large band of white matter that allowssensory and motor information to be communicated betweenthe hemispheres

Front 48

Lateralization

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the extent to which certain brain functions areassociated with either the right or left hemisphere of the brain

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Allostasis

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—the ability of the autonomic nervous system toadjust and stabilize our blood pressure, heart rate, hormones,and so on, as needed to adapt to stress

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Allostatic load—

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the physiological cost of chronic stress

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