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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sadness Vs Depression |
Sadness: Triggered by situation. Is a physiological process in healthy people, basic emotion, discrete posture and vocalization Depression: Mental disorder, symp of sadness, sleep changes, food preference, cog - Remission and relapse |
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Major Depressive Episodes |
2 weeks of symptoms must have 5 or more but these must include Depressed mood most days and markedly disinterest or displeasure in most activities diagnosis: Structured clinical interview for DSM disorders. Self diagnosis: Beck Depression Inventory- a questionnaire... scoring 30 = major depression |
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What causes sadness? |
Role of Cog- Appraisal: Component process theory stresses continuous aspects of appraisal - Unpleasant, externally causes, and uncontrollable - Lack of control, fear is vague and uncertain |
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Lazarus Cog Appraisal Model |
- Identify as a core relational theme in sadness - Young children separated from mother= sadness - Irreplaceable social loss - Loss of attachment in couples - Loosing competitions at work or school |
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Function of Sadness |
- Motivate individual to restore social attachments and recover what has been lost - Social symbol: sympathy or social support |
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Why people may think they have clinical depression |
Grieving process Loss of relationship or work |
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Vulnerable factors of depression |
- Dispositional mood (more stronger reactance of depression when they has depression before an earthquake) - Genetics (identical twins 60-70% likelihood of depression if one twin has is, 20% in fraternal) - Risk increases with early onset, and female - Familiarity of alcohol abuse, substance abuse, panic disorder Sereotin transporter short allele gene- SERT which makes one more likely to have depression |
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Vulnerable factors continues |
History of trauma: strongly acting to new depressive situations if they have previously experienced this ex: sexual abuse, poverty, predisposing to other disorders Stress and depression: Monkeys raised in cages= anxiety and depression and reduced social interactions |
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Evolutionary theories of depression |
- it's an adaptive behave to seek help from others - Is greater in more competitive societies Symptoms - Submissiveness(depression to avoid conflict) - Avoid further loss - conserves energy and resources - means of social manipulation - analyze complex social problems |
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Sub-types of Depression |
- Type A: Reduction in Dopamine and Norepinephrine with reward intensity - Type B: deficiency of serotonin, intense feelings of sadness Typical depression: Decrease in appetite, weight and sleep Atypical Depression: Increases in appetite, wight and sleep Situations causing these: Crying and sadness after social loss More fatigue and pessimism after personal failure |
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Animal models in depression |
- studies in guniea pigs. Endorphins trigger depression in animals when there is loss of close social bond - |
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Electroconvulsive therapy and depression |
- Efficiency 60-80% - not first response - memory loss for 3 weeks, |
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Transcranial magnetic stimulus |
Daily treatments to left parietal frontal cortex reduces depression in 2 weeks Depression symp reduces by 50% |
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Cognitive Behav Therapy |
Equal to clinical efficacy and slightly superior to antidepressants - Combining CBT and psychotherapy success rate - 8-wk CBT workshops for depression prevention in high-risk people ↓ moderate depressive episodes (no effect on severe ones) |
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Pharmacotherapy |
- Most antidepressant drugs increase availability of serotonin and or dopamine at their synapses SSRI's (prozac) - Tryptophan in choc is depleted: 2/3 people Relapse into depressive state within 5-7hrs |
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More simple therapies |
-light therapy: good for seasonal affective disorder. 30 mins early mornings - Moderate Aerobic Exercise: jogging, fast walks, dancings for Mild depression - Regular sleep schedule |
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Bipolar Disorder |
- Going through states of depression, manic, and hypomania -- all episodes alternating - High risk of suicide attempts, during depressive or mixed episodes, 15% will succeed - Meds is first choice: DruG Lithium (acts on Glutamate receptors- stablizes) |
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Mania Disorder |
- Inflated self-esteem, or grandiosity - Decreased need for sleep - More chatty, pressured speech - fast speech, racing thoughts - Distractibility, impaired focusing of attention - Increased goal oriented focus - Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities with high potential for painful consequences (shopping, gambling, poor business investments) |
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What is fear? |
Fear is when a specific event or situation provoked dread It's a response to perceived danger (self; loved one) It subsides quickly once threat is gone Evolutionary: Increased survival and reproduction, present in non-human species |
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What Do we Fear?! |
- Innate fears: Loud noises, smells of predator, separation from mum or group - Learnt fears: little albert, prepardness (know what to be fearful of ex sharks), through social learning Cognitive Appraisal: the extent to which the obj posses danger dependent to the situation ex: is the gun loaded? |
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General Anxiety Disorder |
Generalized chronic anxiety 5% lifeling incidence Chronic nervousness, wide range of worries Co-morbid with other disorders |
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Panic Disorder |
- Acute eps of anxiety with no stimulus Fear of being afraid Mainly in females, increases response in sympathetic response 1-2% have it for life Fear of attach increases severity, sometimes develop as a conditioned response to certain situations ex: flying |
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Phobias & Phobia Treatment |
Overwhelming, irrational fear of an obj, place or situation ex: public speaking, snakes, heights Arising through classical conditioning mechanism Treatment: SYSTEMATIC DESENTIZATION: relax, intro least fearful to most fearful to phobia, apply steps gradually keeping the client relaxed |
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what causes anxiety disorders |
- Traumatic Experiences: sexual abuse, lil albert,not always fear-evoking experience - Genetic Predisposition: s-alleles, SERT gene. common in those with close relatives with those disorders, over responsive amygdala? |
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OCD: obsessive compulsion disorder |
Obsession: recurring upsetting thoughts like contamination, doubts, order Compulsions: Subsequent ritualistic actions like Handwashing, checking, motor tics Due to genetics fam members: 23% likely twins 53-87% identical //frat 22-47% affects 2-3% pop Brain: involves OFC/PFC/CG(cingulate gyrus) Evol: avoid contamination, vigilance to threat |
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therapies for OCD |
- exposure and response prevention (50-70%) - Cog therapy: Relabeling, reattributing, refocusing anf revaluing the unwanted thoughts |
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PTSD: post traumatic stress disorder |
- Re-experiencing a traumatic event, with enhanced arousal and avoidance of trauma- related stimuli - Reoccurring memories and dreams related to trauma - 1yr or longer, affect 1-9% but varies |
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PTSD THERAPY |
- exposure- extinction therapy, gradually desensitizes patient - drugs: propranolol interferes with adrenaline, reduces stress reaction - ketamine and glutamate agonists can reinstate fear extinction and potentiate exposure-extinction therapy |
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PTSD AND THE BRAIN |
- smaller hippocampal volumes in fMRI - reduced medial PFC in ptsd possibly linked to impairment in fear extinction |
