Dental Hygiene Boards Review: Microbiology/immunology

Front 1

Bacteria are grouped according to their

Back 1

-Morphological and metabolic/biochemical differences

Front 2

How are bacteria classified

Back 2

Immunologic and genetic characteristic

Front 3

Gram staining allows the clinician to

Back 3

Determine shape of organism (round, rod, ect)

Front 4

Why is gram staining necessary

Back 4

Most bacteria are colorless and invisible to light microscopy

Front 5

Gram stain separates organisms into 2 groups:

Back 5

-gram + (blue)
-gram - (red)

Front 6

Different gram stains are a result of differences in the

Back 6

Cell walls

Front 7

Gram + cell wall:

Back 7

-very thick
-contain teichoic acid
-does not block diffusion of antibiotics (vulnerable to penicillins and lysozyme)
- has 2 layers
-low lipid content
-no peril admit space/porin channel
-no endotoxin

Front 8

Gram - cell wall:

Back 8

-very thin
-cell wall had murein lipoprotein
-contains 3 layers
-high lipid content
-had peri plastic and porin channel (resistant to breakdown by antibiotic)
-outer cell membrane contains edotoxin (lipid A) lipidopolysaccharide
-design allows cell to block diffusion of substances that attack cell walls such as penicillins and lysozyme

Front 9

Not all organisms are susceptible to gram staining and therefore require specific considerations.

-both statements true
-both statements false
-first true second false
-first false second true

Back 9

Both statements true

Front 10

Gram + cocci are divided into 3 groups based on their ability to

Back 10

Hemolysis RBC's

Front 11

3 groups if gram + cocci

Back 11

- Beta hemolytic streptococcus (completely lose RBC's)
- Alpha hemolytic streptococcus
(Partially lose RBC's)
- Gamma hemolytic streptococcus (unable to lose RBC's)

Front 12

Beta hemolytic streptococcus hemolytic about is due to the production of

Back 12

Hemolysins

Front 13

Beta hemolytic streptococcus are arranged in groups

Back 13

A-U (known as lance field groups)

Front 14

Which beta hemolytic streptococcus group is the most important human pathogens

Back 14

A

Front 15

Many beta streptococcus stains are

Back 15

Anti-phagocytic

Front 16

S. Pyrogens produces _____ that dissolves clots making further invasion possible and ____ (spreading factor)

Back 16

-streptokinase
-hyaluronidase

Front 17

Hyaluronidase is necessary for ____ tissues during spread of infections

Back 17

Hyaluronidase

Front 18

Group A have the ability to adhere to ____ epithelium

Back 18

Pharyngeal epitherlium

Front 19

Group A streptococci are causative for maladies such as:

Back 19

-streptococcal pharyngitis
-Ptolemaic infections
-tonsillitis
-scarlet fever/ rheumatic fever

Front 20

What two organisms are not susceptible to gram staining in the dental deild

Back 20

-Myobacteria
-Spirochettes

Front 21

Inflammatory disease that may develop after an infection with streptococcus bacteria(such as strep throat or scarlet fever) and can involve the heart,joints, skin, and brain

Back 21

Rheumatic fever

Front 22

The causative organism for scarlet fever and rheumatic fever is

Back 22

Streptococcus

Front 23

Viridans group of streptococcus

Back 23

-big heterogenous group of streptococcus
-no lance field group
-not bile soluble
-greenish tint when cultured
-alpha hemolytic

Front 24

Myobacterium require a ____ stain

Back 24

Acid fast

Front 25

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by the bacteria called

Back 25

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Front 26

Tuberculosis is a _____ infection

Back 26

Bacterial

Front 27

Tuberculosis is acquired via ______ transmission

Back 27

Airborne

Front 28

Spirochettes (tripomema dentricola) require __________ microscopy

Back 28

Dark feild

Front 29

Most disease causing microorganisms are

Back 29

- gram - rods
- gram + oleo morphia bacteria

Front 30

Gram + cocci

Back 30

- non mobile
- do NOT form spores

Front 31

Streptococcus have spherical gram ______ cocci usually arranged in _____ or ______

Back 31

+

chains or pairs

Front 32

All _____ are catalase negative

Back 32

streptococcus

Front 33

streptococcus are divided into 3 groups based on their ability to _______

Back 33

hemolyse RBC's

Front 34

Beta-hemolytic streptococcus ____ lyse RBC's

Back 34

completely

Front 35

Alpha-hemolytic streptococcus ____ lyse RBC's

Back 35

partially

Front 36

Gamma-hemolytic streptoccocus ____lyse RBC's

Back 36

unable

Front 37

What are the 3 groups of streptococcus

Back 37

-Beta hemolytic

-Alpha hemolytic

-Gamma hemolytic

*think of BAG a RBC

Front 38

what streptococcus has the hemolytic ability is due to production of hemolysins

Back 38

beta bemolytic

Front 39

what streptoccous arranged in group of A-U (known as lancefeild group)

Back 39

beta hemolytic

Front 40

Group ____ are among the most important human pathogens

Back 40

A

Front 41

Many strains of ______ streptococcus are anti-phagocytic

Back 41

beta

Front 42

S. pyrogens produces ______ and ______.

Back 42

streptokinase and hyaluronidase

Front 43

dissolves clots making further invasion possible

Back 43

streptokinase

Front 44

"spreading factor"; necessary for invading tissue during spread of infections

Back 44

hyaluronidase

Front 45

Partially due to their ability to adhere to pharyngeal epithelium group ____ streptcocci are causative for many maladies

Back 45

A

Front 46

Group A streptococci are causative for what maladies

Back 46

-streptoccal pharyngitis

-pyogenic infection

-tonsillitis

-scarlet fever

rheumatic fever

Front 47

inflammatory disease that may develop after an infection with stretococcus bacteria (such as strep throat or scarlet fever) and can involve the hear, joints, skin, and brain

Back 47

rheumatic fever

Front 48

causative organism for scarlet fever and rheumatic fever is ______

Back 48

streptococcus

Front 49

Big, heterogeneous group of streptococcus

Back 49

viridans group

Front 50

what group of streptococcus has no lancefield group

Back 50

viridans group

Front 51

what group of streptococcus is not bile soluble

Back 51

viridans group

Front 52

viridis is latin for

Back 52

green

Front 53

organisms that produces greenish tint when cultured

Back 53

viridis

Front 54

most of the ___ group is alpha hemolytic

Back 54

viridans

Front 55

normal inhabitants of nasopharynx and gingival crevices is what group of streptococcus

Back 55

viridans

Front 56

viridans group of streptococcus cause what 3 main types of infections

Back 56

-dental infections

-endocarditis

-abscesses

Front 57

____ bind to teeth by producing dextran polysaccharides in the presence of sucrose (also known as glycans) can produce acid and dental caries.

Back 57

s. mutans

Front 58

_____ group produces acid and dental caries

Back 58

viridans

Front 59

S. mutans metabolizes ____ to ____ which creates an acidi

Back 59

sucrose

lactic acid

Front 60

Sucrose is also used by S. mutans to produce _______

Back 60

dextrans

Front 61

only sugar that can be utilized to form dextrans

Back 61

sucrose

Front 62

allows strep to adhere to the tooth and add to the volume of plaque

Back 62

dextrans

Front 63

sugar besides sucrose that can be digested by S. mutans

Back 63

glucose

fructose

lactose

Front 64

when glucose, fructose, and lactose are digested by S. mutans the end product is

Back 64

lactic acid

Front 65

the combination of ____ and _____ leads to dental caries

Back 65

plaque and acid

Front 66

S. mutans is only involved in ____ not ______

Back 66

caries process

perio

Front 67

dental manipulations can release ____ into the bloodstream and cause endocarditis

Back 67

viridans

Front 68

viridans in the bloodstream will implant on the _____ surface of the heart (most commonly damaged heart valves) by producing extracellular _____

Back 68

enocardial

dextran

Front 69

subgroup of viridans variety known as ______ and ______ are associated with dental, brain and abdominal abscesses

Back 69

S. intermedius

S. anginosus

Front 70

normal inhabitants of the GI tract

Back 70

S. anginosus

Front 71

most common viridans organisms

Back 71

*s. mutans

*s. salivarius

s. mitis

s. sobrinus

s. sanguis

Front 72

pit and fissure caires

Back 72

s. mutans

Front 73

smooth surface caires

Back 73

s. sobrinus

Front 74

colonizes oral tissue; associated with the tongue

Back 74

s. salivarius

Front 75

endocarditis caused by what viridans organism

Back 75

s. mitis

Front 76

plaque colonization and endocarditis

Back 76

s. sanguis

Front 77

spherical, gram + bacteria which colonize the mouth and URT of humans a few hours after birth

Back 77

streptococcus salivarius

Front 78

Most common aerobic organisms implicated in facial cellulitis

Back 78

viridians streptococcus

Front 79

can be encapsulated with polysaccharide layer which makes it very resistant and destructive

Back 79

streptococcus pneumoniae

Front 80

generally harmless component of normal flora

Back 80

staphyloccus

Front 81

has powerful arsenal of enzymatic and exotoxin weapons

Back 81

staphylococcus

Front 82

True or false: staphylococcus is penicillin-G resistant streptococcus is not

Back 82

True

Front 83

Important characteristics of staphylococcus

Back 83

-non mobile

-non spore forming

-spherical gram + cocci arranged in grapelike clusters

-facultative aerobe

-typical lesion of staphylococcus is abscess formation

Front 84

typical lesion of a staphylococcus is ____ formation

Back 84

abscess

Front 85

significant exotoxins of staphylococcus aureus are _____ and ____

Back 85

coagulase and hyaluronidase

Front 86

what exotoxins of staphylococcus aureus degrades hyaluronic acid

Back 86

hyaluronidase

Front 87

what is the gorund substance of subcutaneous tissue

Back 87

hyaluronic acid

Front 88

staphylococcus aureus produces a pigmented compounds called

Back 88

carotenoids

Front 89

staphylococcus aureus is a major producer of proteins called

Back 89

leukocidins

Front 90

leukocidins destroy

Back 90

phagocytes

Front 91

destroyed phagocytes make up much of the material of

Back 91

pus

Front 92

what is the most resistant disease causing organism

Back 92

MRSA (methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus)

Front 93

What are the 4 examples of gram + rods (staphylococcus aureus)

Back 93

-Bacillus

-Clostridium

-Corynebacterium

-Listeria

Front 94

causative organism for anthrax and food poisoning

Back 94

bacillus

(gram + rod)

Front 95

causative organism for tetanus, botulism, gangrene, food poisoning, and antibiotic-resistant pseudomemnranous colitis

Back 95

clostridium

Front 96

causative organism for diptheria

Back 96

corynebacterium

Front 97

has endotoxin; causative organism for meningitis and sepesis

Back 97

listeria

Front 98

causes lockjaw or tentanus; normally inhabits superficial layers of soil; spores are genereally DUST BORN

Back 98

clostridum tentani

Front 99

Gram - Cocci

Back 99

neisseria

Front 100

causative organism for meningitis and gonorrhea

Back 100

neisseria

Front 101

what are the gram - spiral shaped organisms

Back 101

-spirochetes

Front 102

what is found in association with NUP/NUG

Back 102

grap - spiral shaped organisms (spirochetes)

Front 103

causative organism for syphilis

Back 103

spirochetes:

-treponemtosies

-lymedisease

-leptospirosis

Front 104

can derive lactic acid from glucose which creates and acidic environment; considered aciduric

Back 104

lactobacillus

Front 105

______ does not produce dextran but produces a different extra polysaccharide called

Back 105

lactobacillus; lexan

Front 106

associated with advanced carious lesion deep in enamel and are aciduric

Back 106

lactobacillus

Front 107

gram positive pleomorphic rods which form a large proportion of oral microflora

Back 107

actinomyces

Front 108

what are the 3 actinomyces

Back 108

-A. naeslundii

-A. viscosus

-A. odontolyticus

Front 109

have been implicated in root caries although their role in dental caries initiation and progression is not well understood

Back 109

actinomyces

Front 110

morphology of cocci

Back 110

spherical

Front 111

morphology of bacilli

Back 111

rods

Front 112

morphology of spiral forms

Back 112

comma shaped

s shaped

spiral shaped

Front 113

morphology of pleomorphicl

Back 113

acking distinct shape

Front 114

growth phases of bacteria refer to ______ of cells not _____ cells

Back 114

populations

individual

Front 115

microbes exhibit 4 distinct phases of growth

Back 115

lag phase

logarithmic

stationary phase

death phase

Front 116

what growth phase of bacteria is slow at first as bacteria acclimate to their environment

Back 116

lag phase

Front 117

_________ activity was not increase during hte lag pahse

Back 117

cellular metabolic

Front 118

what growth phase of bacteria: growth occurs exponentially (very rapidly)

Back 118

logarithmic (exponential) phase

Front 119

what growth phase of bacteria: microorgansims are most prone to physical and chemical agents

Back 119

logarithmic (exponential) phase

Front 120

what growth phase of bacteria: no net increase or decrease in cell numbers as nutrients are used up and waster products build up

Back 120

stationary phase

Front 121

what growth phase of bacteria: after the stationary phase ends, microbes die off

Back 121

death phase

Front 122

metabolic characteristics of bacteria can be classified based on what 2 factors

Back 122

oxygen metabolism

carbon and energy sources

Front 123

what is the most commonly used source of energy and carbon fro humans and bacteria is

Back 123

glucose

Front 124

molecular oxygen is (highly or not) reactive

Back 124

highly

Front 125

molecular oxygen can form what 3 things

Back 125

hydrogen peroxide

superoxide radicals

hydroxyl radicals

Front 126

bacteria posses 3 enzymes to break down oxygen products

Back 126

catalase

peroxidase

superoxide disumtase

Front 127

breaks down hydrogen peroxide

Back 127

catalase and peroxidase

Front 128

breaks down superoxide radicals

Back 128

superoxide dismutase

Front 129

what are the 4 bacteria categories based on oxygen metabolism

Back 129

obligate aerobes

facultative anaerobes

microaerophilic

obligate anaerobes

Front 130

what do glycoproteins make in the oral cavity

Back 130

aquired pellicle

Front 131

humans are what type of aerobes

Back 131

obligate aerobes

Front 132

what metabolic bacteria category have all the enzymes ( catalase, peroxidase, superoxide simutase)

Back 132

obligate aerobes

Front 133

what are 4 examples of obligate aerobes

Back 133

neisseria

pseudomonas

legionella

mycobacterium

Front 134

what metabolic bacteria category is aerobic (use oxygen)

Back 134

facultative anaerobes

Front 135

what metabolic bacteria category can grown in the absence of oxygen by using fermentation

Back 135

facultative anaerobes

Front 136

what are 4 examples of faculatative anaerobes

Back 136

staphylocoecus

listeria

aetinomyces

most other gram - rods

Front 137

what metabolic bacteria category are aeortolerant aneorbes

Back 137

microaerophilic bacteria

Front 138

what metabolic bacteria category uses fermentaion

Back 138

facultative anaerobes

microaerophilic bacteria

Front 139

what metabolic bacteria category can tolerate low amounts of oxygen because they have superoxide dismutase

Back 139

microaerophilic bacteria

Front 140

what are 4 examples of microaerophilic bacteria

Back 140

streptococcus

spirochetes

camphylobacter

denitcola

Front 141

what microaerophilic bacteria is implicated in pregnancy gingivitis

Back 141

camphylocater

Front 142

what metabolic bacteria category hate oxygen

Back 142

obligate anaerobes

Front 143

what are the 2 examples of obligate anerobes

Back 143

prevotella

porphyromonas gingivalis (Mr. perio)

Front 144

oblique fibers make up the _____

Back 144

PDL

Front 145

most often associated with hormonal (pregnancy) gingivitis, facial cellulitis, and NUP/NUG

Back 145

prevotella

Front 146

possesses an armamentarium of cell surface associated and extracellular activities which are studies intensively for their virulence potential

Back 146

porphyromonas gingivalis

Front 147

surface fimbrae allow porphyromaonas gingivalis to adhere to _______ and _______

Back 147

epithelial and tooth surfaces

Front 148

porphyromanas gingivalis is a very imortant pathogen for

Back 148

periodontal diseases

Front 149

enzyme capable of breaking down collagen in connective tissue and periodontal attachment appartatus

Back 149

collagenase

Front 150

porphyromanas gingivalis produces

Back 150

collagenase