Data Ch 1

Front 1

US Telecom Act of 1996

Back 1

Replaced all current laws, FCC regulations, 1984 consent decree, and overrules state laws

Main goal: open local markets to competition

Front 2

Internet Milestones-1969

Back 2

Originally called ARPANET, the Internet began as a military-academic network

Front 3

Internet Milestones-1983

Back 3

ARPANET splits:
Milnet - for military
Internet - academic, education and research purposes only

Front 4

Internet Milestones-1986

Back 4

NSFNet created as US Internet backbone

Front 5

Internet Milestones-1990

Back 5

commercial access to the Internet begins

Front 6

Internet Milestones-1994

Back 6

Government funding of the backbone ends

Front 7

Internet Milestones-2007

Back 7

Worldwide: Over 1 billion Internet users

Front 8

Telecommunications

Back 8

Transmission of voice, video, and/or data
Implies longer distances
- Broad term

Front 9

Data Communications =

Back 9

Movement of computer information by means of electrical or optical transmission systems

Front 10

convergence

Back 10

Telecom+Data = Broadband Communications

Front 11

Components of LAN
(See Slide)

Back 11

File Server, Web Server, Print Server, and client computers connect to a hub through circuits. Hub connects to router which connects to other networks (i.e. internet)

Front 12

LAN

Back 12

room, building
a group of PCs that share a circuit.

Front 13

Backbone Networks (BN) -

Back 13

less than few kms
a high speed backbone linking together organizational LANs at various locations.

Front 14

Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)

Back 14

- (more than a few kms)
connects LANs and BNs across different locations
Often uses leased lines or other services used to transmit data.

Front 15

Wide Area Networks

Back 15

far greater than 10 kms)
Same as MAN except wider scale

Front 16

Intranet

Back 16

A LAN that uses the Internet technologies within an organization
Open only those inside the organization
Example: insurance related information provided to employees over an intranet

Front 17

Extranet

Back 17

A LAN that uses the Internet technologies across an organization including some external constituents
Open only those invited users outside the organization
Accessible through the Internet
Example: Suppliers and customers accessing inventory information in a company over an extranet

Front 18

Multi-layer Network Models

Two most important

Back 18

Open Systems Interconnection Model

Internet Model

Front 19

Open Systems Interconnection Model

Back 19

Created by International Standards Organization (ISO) as a framework for computer network standards in 1984
Based on 7 layers

Front 20

Internet Model

Back 20

Created by DARPA originally in early 70’s
Developed to solve to the problem of internetworking
Based on 5 layers
Based on Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite

Front 21

Please Do Not Touch Steve’s Pet Alligators”

Back 21

Physical
Datalink
Network
Transport
Session
Presentaion
Application

Front 22

7-Layer Model of OSI - Application Layer

Back 22

set of utilities used by application programs

Front 23

7-Layer Model of OSI - Presentation layer

Back 23

formats data for presentation to the user
provides data interfaces, data compression and translation between different data formats

Front 24

7-Layer Model of OSI - Session layer

Back 24

initiates, maintains and terminates each logical session between sender and receiver

Front 25

7-Layer Model of OSI - Transport layer

Back 25

deals with end-to-end issues such as segmenting the message for network transport, and maintaining the logical connections between sender and receiver

Front 26

7-Layer Model of OSI - Network layer

Back 26

responsible for making routing decisions

Front 27

7-Layer Model of OSI - data link layer

Back 27

deals with message delineation, error control and network medium access control

Front 28

7-Layer Model of OSI - data physcial layer

Back 28

defines how individual bits are formatted to be transmitted through the network

Front 29

Please Do Not Touch Alligators -internets 5 layer

Back 29

physical
data link
network
transport
application

Front 30

Internet 5 layer
Application layer

Back 30

used by application program

Front 31

Internet 5 layer
Transport layer

Back 31

responsible for establishing end-to-end connections, translates domain names into numeric addresses and segments messages

Front 32

Internet 5 layer
Network / Data Link/ Physcial layers

Back 32

Same as OSI

Front 33

Application Layer internet vs. OSI

Back 33

Applicaiton layer (internet) = Session + Presentaiton+ Application (OSI).
Ex: internet explorer and web pages

Front 34

Message Transmission Using Layers

Back 34

sending receiving layer wraps incoming message with an envelope
Adds layer related addressing information

A receiving layer removes the layer related envelope and forwards the message up

Front 35

Protocols

Back 35

Used by Network model layers
Sets of standardized rules to define how to communicate at each layer and how to interface with adjacent layers

Front 36

Layers allow...

Back 36

simplicity of networking in some ways
Easy to develop new software that fits each layer
Relatively simple to change the software at any level

communication between computers accomplished by standards

Somewhat inefficient
Involves many software packages and packets

Front 37

Standardization process

Back 37

Specification
Developing the nomenclature and identifying the problems to be addressed
Identification of choices
Identifying solutions to the problems and choose the “optimum” solution
Acceptance
Defining the solution, getting it recognized by industry so that a uniform solution is accepted

Front 38

Majors Standards bodies

Back 38

ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
Technical recommendations for data communication interfaces

ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union –Telecom Group
Technical recommendations about telephone, telegraph and data communications interfaces

ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
Coordinating organization for US (not a standards- making body)

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)
Professional society; also develops mostly LAN standards

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
Develops Internet standards
No official membership (anyone welcome)

Front 39

Application layer standards

Back 39

HTTP, HTML (Web)
MPEG, H.323 (audio/video)
IMAP, POP (e-mail)

Front 40

Transport Layer standards

Back 40

TCP (Internet)
SPX (Novell LANs

Front 41

Network layer standards

Back 41

IP (Internet)
IPX (Novell LANs)

Front 42

Data link standards

Back 42

Ethernet (LAN)
Frame Relay (WAN)
PPP (dial-up via modem for MAN)

Front 43

physical layer standards

Back 43

RS-232c cable (LAN)
Category 5 twisted pair (LAN)
V.92 (56 kbps modem)

Front 44

Pervasive Networking

Back 44

Means “Networks will be everywhere”
Exponential growth of Network use
Many new types of devices will have network capability
Exponential growth of data rates for all kinds of networking
Broadband communications
Use circuits with 1 Mbps or higher (e.g., DSL)

Front 45

Convergence

Back 45

Integration of Voice, Video & Data

Networks that were previously transmitted using separate networks will merge into a single, high speed, multimedia network in the near future

Next step
Video merging with voice and data
Will take longer partly due to the high data rates required for video

Front 46

New Info services -ASPs

Back 46

Develop specific systems for companies such as providing and operating a payroll system for a company that does not have one of its own

Front 47

New Info services -Info Utilities

Back 47

Providing a wide range of info services (email, web, payroll, etc.) (similar to electric or water utilities)

Front 48

implications for management

Back 48

Embrace change and actively seek to use new aspects of networks toward improving your organization

Use a set of industry standard technologies